平等、充足与全球正义的再思考——以戴维·米勒为中心的考察

Equality,Sufficiency and Rethinking Global Justice A Critical Examination of David Miller’s Theory

作为反对全球平等主义的理论先锋,戴维·米勒认为,由于缺乏恰当的标准来衡量不同的国家和个人是否拥有平等的资源和机会(即“标准难题”),也由于人们分属独立的政治、经济与文化共同体,推行全球平等势必削弱共同体自主发展的动力(即“动力难题”),所以任何形式的全球平等主义理论都不可取。取而代之的是,米勒提出一种他自认为更务实,也更可取的全球充足主义的观点。本文将指出,一方面,米勒的两个反对理由,即“标准难题”和“动力难题”,都不足以驳倒全球平等主义理论,另一方面,他提出的全球充足主义观点也有问题,他在全球平等和全球充足之间刻画的冲突也是似是而非的。

As a theoretical pioneer in the fight against global egalitarianism,David Miller argues that global egalitarianism is not desirable in the absence of appropriate metrics to help us determine whether different countries and individuals have equal resources and opportunities(the metric problem),and because people belong to separate political,economic,and cultural communities,the promotion of global egalitarianism would weaken the impetus for autonomous community development(the dynamic problem).In its place,Miller proposes a global sufficientarian view,which is shown to be more pragmatic and desirable.However,this article shows that neither of Miller's two objections,the criterion dilemma and the motivation dilemma,fully refute global egalitarianism,that his view of global adequacy is problematic,and that the conflict he portrays between global egalitarianism and global Sufficientarianism is a paradox.