“治以道德为上,行以仁义为本”——陆贾《新语》的思想系统与历史地位

Rule Based on Morality and Conduct Based on Benevolence and Justice——The Ideological System and Historical Position of Lu Gu's Xin Yu

陆贾是汉高祖的“政治设计师”,他奉高祖之命而作的《新语》对汉初政治方针由攻转守、由武到文的转向起到了至关重要的奠基作用。陆贾的政治设计是从反思秦暴而亡、反对君主多为扰民、主张实行儒家仁政和道家无为之道开始的。他以儒家经典为依据立论,从儒家仁政理想出发,梳理了“圣人之道”的历史流变,提出了“尚贤去佞”“进忠退谗”的政治要求和“俯仰进退,与道为依”的修身要求,将儒家的“道德”天命化为“灾诫”说,成为孔子《春秋》以天统君的“灾异”说到董仲舒“天谴说”之间的重要过渡。

Lu Gu was the political designer of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty.His Xin Yu,written at the order of the Emperor Gaozu,played a crucial role in laying the foundation for the political policy of the early Han Dynasty from attack to defense and from military to literary.Lu Jia's political design began with the reflection on Qin's violent death,his opposition to the emperor's disturbing the people,and his advocacy of the Confucian benevolent policy and the Taoist inaction.Based on the Confucian classics and the Confucian ideal of benevolent government,he combed the historical changes of the way of sages,put forward the political requirements of getting close to talents and away from villains,and the requirements of self-cultivation based on the way.He turned the Confucian moral destiny into the doctrine of disaster warning,which became an important transition between Confucius'Spring and Autumn Annals and Dong Zhongshu's doctrine of natural punishment based on the doctrine of disaster and abnormality.