“冬围”与骑射:清代满族八旗尚武精神的弘扬与消颓

Winter Hunting and the Horsemanship and Archery:The Promotion and Decadence of the Warrior Spirit of the Manchu Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty

行围习武是满族的祖宗之法。自努尔哈赤起兵、建八旗,便将行围纳入到军政建制中,形成一套行围布阵制度。清朝入主中原后,康熙帝将行围赋予了更深更广的政治意义,他在热河北部建围场,行“木兰秋狝”。而东三省的“冬围”,更是在着意培养满族幼丁及“新满洲”尚武精神、骑射技艺的同时,构建守卫东北边疆的国之铁骑。但是,随着满汉交融日久、重文轻武风气盛行,且为解决增兵扩军后的口粮短缺,满洲八旗被赋予了亦兵亦农的身份,行围习武成为额外的负担。而大批中原移民涌入垦荒,也改变了东三省人迹罕至、“斧锯鲜被”的繁茂森林环境。因此,满洲八旗的骑射技艺呈每况愈下之势,尚武精神日渐消颓,而晚清内忧外患的战争所造成的国力衰竭,加剧了这种态势。

Martial arts training was the ancestral law of Manchu.Since Nurhaci established the Eight Banners,the hunting was incorporated into the military system.After entering central plains,Emperor Kangxi established an enclosure in the north of Jehol to consolidate the relationship between Manchu and Mongolia through the Mulan hunting.Meanwhile,the winter hunting in three Northeastern Provinces concentrated on defending the frontier region,cultivating the martial spirit and the skills of the horsemanship and archery of Eight Banners.However,with the integration of Manchu and Han,and the prevailing trend of valuing literature over martial arts,and in order to solve the food shortage after the increase in troops,the Manchu Eight Banners were given the status of military and agricultural unity,which led to the practice of martial arts an additional burden.At the same time,a large number of immigrants from the central plains poured in which changed the sparsely populated and lush forest environment in the Northeastern.Therefore,the horsemanship and archery skills of the Manchu Eight Banners and the martial spirit were on the decline.The decline in national strength caused by internal and external troubles in the late Qing Dynasty further exacerbated this trend.