我国优秀竞走运动员专项能力特征及选材指标体系的建立

Establishment of Specialized Ability Characteristics and Selection Criteria for Elite Racewalking Athletes in China

目的:本研究通过对竞走运动员身体机能、身体素质和专项运动能力等指标进行探讨和分析,确定专项能力特征,并建立选材指标体系,为我国后奥运时代运动员跨界跨项选材提供参考。方法:采用专家调查法、问卷调查法和实验法等对118名运动员进行相关信息收集及专项能力指标测试。结果:优秀组女子竞走运动员血红蛋白水平(P<0.05)、血清睾酮水平(P<0.05)、髋关节旋转角度左右回旋(P<0.05)、协调性测试总分(P<0.05)均显著高于一般组,5 KM、10KM、20KM最好成绩(P<0.01)用时均显著少于一般组;优秀组男子竞走运动员血清睾酮水平(P<0.05)、转体角度左右回旋(P<0.01)、髋关节旋转角度左右回旋(P<0.05)、协调性测试总分(P<0.01)均显著高于一般组,5 KM(P<0.05)、10KM(P<0.01)、20KM(P<0.01)最好成绩用时均显著少于一般组;5 KM、10KM、20KM最好成绩三项指标经因子分析后有两项指标成为主成分指标:第一类因子—专项耐力因子;第二类因子—速度耐力因子,分别是20 KM最好成绩和5 KM最好成绩。结论:①我国优秀竞走运动员表现出有氧代谢能力较强、蛋白合成能力强,以及踝关节灵活性和柔韧性较强、腰椎和髋关节灵活性强、周围肌肉韧带的伸展性强、身体控制能力较强,良好的专项耐力、速度耐力能力等专项能力特征。②血红蛋白、血清睾酮、转体角度、髋关节旋转角度、协调性得分、5KM竞走最好成绩、20KM竞走最好成绩可以作为优秀竞走运动员专项能力选材的参考指标。

OBJECTIVE:This study investigates and analyzes the physical fitness,physical attributes,and specialized athletic skills of racewalking athletes to identify unique specialized ability traits and create selection criteria.The aim is to provide guidance for the cross-disciplinary selection of athletes in China’s post-Olympic era.METHOD:Various methodologies,including expert surveys,questionnaire assessments,and experimental tests,were employed to gather relevant data and evaluate specialized ability indicators in 118 athletes.RESULTS:In the elite group of female racewalkers,hemoglobin levels(P<0.05),serum testosterone levels(P<0.05),hip joint rotation angles(left and right)(P<0.05),and coordination test scores(P<0.05)were significantly higher compared to the general group.Additionally,the best times for 5 KM,10 KM,and 20 KM races(P<0.01)were significantly faster than those in the general group.Among elite male racewalkers,serum testosterone levels(P<0.05),torso rotation angles(left and right)(P<0.01),hip joint rotation angles(left and right)(P<0.05),and coordination test scores(P<0.01)were significantly higher than those in the general group.Furthermore,the best times for 5 KM(P<0.05),10 KM(P<0.01),and 20 KM(P<0.01)races were significantly quicker than those in the general group.Following factor analysis,two of the three best time indicators for 5 KM,10 KM,and 20 KM races emerged as primary component indicators:the first category factor—specialized endurance factor,and the second category factor—speed endurance factor,corresponding to the best times in the 20 KM and 5 KM races,respectively.CONCLUSIONS:(1)Elite racewalking athletes in China exhibit strong aerobic metabolism,robust protein synthesis capabilities,enhanced ankle flexibility,flexibility of lumbar and hip joints,superior peripheral muscle and ligament extensibility,heightened body control,and commendable specialized endurance and speed endurance abilities.(2)Hemoglobin levels,serum testosterone levels,torso rotation angles,hip joint rotation angles,coordination scores,the best time for 5 KM racewalking,and the best time for 20 KM racewalking can be considered as reference indicators for the selection of elite racewalking athletes.