大理洱源县草地资源概况及草畜平衡分析

Analysis of Grassland Resources and Grass-Livestock Balance in Eryuan County in Dali

洱源县具有丰富的草地资源,地处云南省西北部,隶属于大理白族自治州,奶牛养殖已有600多年的历史,是云南省奶牛改良和发展的重点区域之一。本文介绍了洱源县天然草地的主要类型与分布、草地质量分级、各乡镇草地分布情况和面积、草原退化程度、草食畜牧业现状和人工饲草种植情况;并系统分析了草畜平衡状况。洱源县天然草场面积42200hm^(2),天然草场产草量为193500吨,可载畜449200个羊单位。草原类型主要有暖性灌草丛类、热性灌草丛类、山地草甸类3种类型。2021年种植优质牧草202733hm^(2),干草产量32700吨,主要种植有青贮玉米、紫花苜蓿、燕麦和箭筈豌豆等。系统分析得出目前洱源县草畜状况基本平衡,但存在天然草场利用率较低,且在部分乡镇出现季节性饲草短缺现象,邓川镇、凤羽镇、炼铁乡、茈碧湖镇存在明显的草畜矛盾,产草量远不能满足家畜养殖。今后应在山区加大对天然草场的利用,通过适度放牧和轮牧来合理利用和促进草场更新。在坝区,充分利用冬闲田、季节性轮歇地等建立优质一年生草地,开展青贮或干草调制加工,缓解草畜矛盾,提高生产效率。

Eryuan County has abundant grassland resources,located in the northwest of Yunnan Province,belonging to Dali Bai Au-tonomous Prefecture,which has a history of dairy farming more than 600 years.And it is one of the key areas for dairy improvement and de-velopment in Yunnan Province.This paper introduced the main types and distribution of natural grassland,grassland quality classification,distribution and area of grassland in different towns,degradation of grassland,herbivorous animal husbandry situation,and forage cultiva-tion in Eryuan County.And we discussed the grass-livestock balance.The natural grassland area of Eryuan County is 42200hm^(2),and the grass yield of the natural grassland is 193500tons,which can carry 449200 sheep units.There are three main types of natural grass-land,including warm shrub tussock grassland,tropical shrub tussock grassland and mountain grassland.In the 2021 year,the cultivation ar-ea of high-quality forage was 202733hm^(2),and the hay yield was 32700tons,which was included silage corn,alfalfa,oat and arrow bowl beans.It concluded that the grass-livestock balance in Eryuan County is basically balanced.However,the utilization rate of natural grass-land was lower,and there was seasonal forage shortage in several towns.There were obvious grass-livestock contradiction in Dengchuan,Fengyu,Liantie and Bihu towns,and the grass yield was hardly meeting the livestock demand in these above towns.In the future,we should increase the utilization of natural grassland by moderate grazing and rotational grazing in the mountain areas,which can promote grassland reju-venation.We should optimize the use of resources of winter fallow field and seasonal fallow field in the valley area to establish the high-quali-ty annual grassland and made silage or hay,which can alleviate the grass-livestock contradiction and improve production efficiency.