口蹄疫病毒致病机制及宿主免疫反应研究的进展

Advances in Studies on Pathogenic Mechanism and Host Immune Response of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

口蹄疫是一种由口蹄疫病毒引起的高度传染性疾病,主要感染牛、猪、羊和其他有蹄类动物。病毒通过多种传播途径进入宿主体内,并在口腔、喉咙、肺部等部位复制,引起严重的炎症反应。口蹄疫病毒的致病机制涉及多个方面,包括病毒与宿主细胞之间的相互作用、病毒复制与扩散、免疫反应等。病毒依靠其表面的结构蛋白与宿主细胞表面的受体结合,进而进入宿主细胞内部进行复制。病毒的复制过程会导致宿主细胞死亡和炎症反应,从而引起组织损伤和病理变化。对于口蹄疫病毒,宿主的免疫系统会通过天然免疫消除病毒或通过获得性免疫产生抗体中和病毒,并通过T细胞介导的免疫反应来清除病毒感染。同时,口蹄疫病毒具有较强的免疫逃逸能力,可通过改变其表面蛋白结构来逃避宿主免疫系统的攻击,从而导致疫苗失效和再次感染风险增加。对口蹄疫病毒的致病机制、免疫应答反应、免疫逃逸等方面的研究现状进行综述,为有效防控口蹄疫疫病发生、合理使用疫苗提供参考。

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus,which mainly affects cattle,pigs,sheep and other ungulate animals.The virus enters the host through a variety of transmission routes and replicates in the mouth,throat,lungs and other areas,causing severe inflammatory responses.The pathogenic mechanism of foot-and-mouth disease virus involves many aspects,including the interaction between virus and host cells,virus replication and diffusion,immune response and so on.Viruses rely on structural proteins on their surface to bind to receptors on the surface of the host cell and then enter the interior of the host cell for replication.The process of viral replication can lead to host cell death and inflammatory response,resulting in tissue damage and pathological changes.In response to the foot-and-mouth disease virus,the host immune system either eliminates the virus through innate immunity or neutralizes the virus through acquired immunity by producing antibodies and clears the infection through a T-cell-mediated immune response.At the same time,foot-and-mouth disease virus has strong immune escape ability,which can escape the attack of host immune system by changing the structure of its surface proteins,resulting in vaccine failure and increased risk of reinfection.In this paper,the pathogenic mechanism,immune response,immune escape and other aspects of foot-andmouth disease virus were reviewed,providing reference for effective prevention and control of foot-andmouth disease and rational use of vaccines.