人地关系视角下的石峁文化兴衰

Vicissitude of the Shimao Culture from the Perspective of Man-Nature Relationship

石峁城与石峁文化的兴起取决于资源储备与社会支撑。资源储备得益于仰韶文化早中期因人类活动稀疏而保留的原始生态环境,社会支撑则来自石峁文化所在区域以防御与建构祭祀中心为目的集聚人力、物力的能力,二者均与环境资源相关。资源储备是社会发展的物质基础,社会支撑则是集聚资源、消耗资源的过程,当后者大于前者,超出土地承载力,其结果不是文明的前进而是衰落,石峁文化即是如此。陕北一带石峁城与其他石城的位置选择立足于防御,基本与历史时期农牧交错带吻合,众石城连线之内应属以石峁城为中心的社会共同体范围。

Resource reserves and social support were the two main factors leading to the development and expansion of the Shimao Culture and the Shimao Site.During the early and middle period of the Yangshao Culture,human activity,due to its relative sparseness had little effect on the original ecological environment,leaving abundant reserves of resources available for subsequent Shimao Culture settlements.Meanwhile,the Shimao Culture excelled in gathering human and material resources for defense,and in the construction of central sacrificial architectures within its region of control,allowing it to gain powerful social support.These two factors were both related to local environmental resources:the former was the material foundation of social development while the latter constantly gathered and consumed various resources.When consumption exceeded resource reserves and the support capacity of land,the decline of the civilization was inevitable.This was the fate of Shimao Culture.The locations of the Shimao Site,along with the other fortified stone settlements in present-day northern Shaanxi Province,were chosen mainly for defensive purposes.They located along a belt which generally coincided with the agro-pastoral ecotone in the historical period,and the south of this belt was supposed to be a social community centered around the Shimao Site.