《巴黎协定》下国家自主贡献的双重义务模式

The Dual Obligation Model of the Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement

《巴黎协定》下的国家自主贡献总体上并不构成一项缔约方义务。但为推动缔约方规范并实施其国家自主贡献,《巴黎协定》就国家自主贡献的部分事项为缔约方设定了相关义务,除此之外的其他相关义务设定则主要交由缔约方自主决定。上述义务在来源、内容、性质、约束力等方面均呈现出分化特征,由此形成了以国家自主贡献为中心的双重义务模式。该模式有利于化解国际气候合作遭遇的政治僵局,但也在运行中凸显出其内在的规范困境。相应的规范完善包括通过《巴黎协定》缔约方会议的决定对源于条约规范的相关义务进行规则补充,借助国家自主贡献的实践推动缔约方自主决定的相关义务的识别和类型化,以及强化贡献监督机制之促进性功能的有关规则。我国作为《巴黎协定》的重要推动者和积极践行者,应根据国家自主贡献双重义务模式的完善趋势和要求做好法律应对。

Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)under the Paris Agreement do not generally constitute obligations for the Contracting Parties.However,in order to help Contracting Parties standardize and implement their NDCs,the Paris Agreement sets out their obligations in respect of some matters of NDCs,while other obligations are left to their own discretion.Those obligations are characterized by a division in terms of source,content,nature and binding force,thus forming a dual obligation model centered on NDCs.This model is conducive to resolving the political deadlock in the international climate cooperation,but is also faced with inherent normative difficulties that are highlighted in its operation.The corresponding normative improvements include supplementing the relevant obligations derived from treaty norms through the decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Paris Agreement,promoting the identification and classification of the relevant obligations determined by Contracting Parties autonomously through the practice of NDCs,and strengthening the rules related to the facilitative function of the supervision mechanism of NDCs.As an important contributor and active practitioner of the Paris Agreement,China should adopt legal measures in accordance with the improvement trends and requirements of the dual obligation model of NDCs.