过程与关系:清代乡村地权的界定与正当

The Process and Relation:The Definition and Rightfulness of Rural Land Property Rights in Qing Dynasty

除归户、归群等整理研究地契的系统性方法之外,对地权变动的连续性过程进行解读,是理解地权市场结构及其流动的重要路径。综合考察多种土地交易形式构成的地权变动链条——分家、承继、一般性借贷等,多次土地交易,找价回赎、缴纳契税、推收过割与承担粮差等四个方面,可以发现这些涉及地权转让、分割、交易的行为,即是地权流动而不断界定的过程。地权界定包括总体性地权明确以及地权内部分化两个方面,完全、绝对的地权界定并未发生在清代的中国。而就过程中的关系而言,所有行为过程要符合王朝的制度规定或社会规范等正当原则,前后过程之间的地权界定存在正当性供给与需求的内在机制。以正当来解释地权界定的全过程,可以发现清代乡村社会地权市场平稳运转以及信用秩序形成的根本原理。

In addition to the systematic methods of sorting out and studying land contracts such as returning to households and groups,the interpretation of the continuous change process of land property rights is an important way to understand the structure and flow of land rights market.A comprehensive study of the land property rights change chain composed of various land transaction forms,separation,getting,adopting as an heir and general borrowing,multiple land transactions,seeking additional price and redemption,paying deed tax,tui shou guo ge,paying taxes and undertaking corvee show that these behaviors involving land property rights transfer,division and transaction are the process of land property right flow and constant definition.The definition of land property rights include two aspects:clear overall land property rights and internal differentiation of land property rights.The complete and absolute definition of land property rights did not take place in China in the Qing Dynasty.As far as the relationship between processes is concerned,all behavioral processes should conform to the right principles such as the institutional provisions of the dynasty or social norms.There is an internal mechanism of rightfulness supply and demand in the definition of land property rights between the preceding and the following processes.Taking the perspective of rightfulness to explain the whole process of land property rights definition,we can find the fundamental principle of the smooth operation of land property rights market and the formation of credit order in rural society in the Qing Dynasty.