城乡“薄海民”:民国前期的离村知识人

"Bohemians"between Rural and Urban China:Exodus of Educated Villagers during the Early Republican Period

民国前期城乡因文化差异而解纽,缺乏一条可以互通的桥梁,造成知识人离村往而不返的新现象,极大地影响了后来中国的发展。在向现代转型的过程中,乡间的耕读传统已中断,以城市为中心的新教育培养出的知识人自己“别树阶级”,其他人却未必接受。向往城市的知识青年在城市并未得到太多欢迎,而乡村又已成为一个难以回归的故地。由于在城乡都成了“他人”(the other),许多知识青年不得不漂泊于城乡间、城市间或城市中,成为瞿秋白所说的“薄海民”(Bohemian)。

In the early days of Republican China,Chinese cities and villages became increasingly detached culturally from each other.Consequently,a large number of educated Chinese left villages permanently,shaping the later development trajectory of China.In the process of China's transition towards modernization,the traditional"farming plus reading culture"in rural China became unsustainable.Meanwhile,an increasing number of youth from rural China got their education in modern schools in Chinese cities and they tended to form a unique identity among themselves,which was not necessarily accepted by other groups.Therefore,these rural youth with modern education found themselves in limbo:on the one hand,they were not readily accepted in cities,even though most of them preferred to stay in cities;on the other hand,however,they were not in the position to return to villages.As strangers both in cities and villages,many educated rural youth had to migrate between cities and villages or roamed around different cities,becoming what Qu Qiubai called"Bohemian."