19世纪沙俄对新疆的地理考察与中俄边界移动

Tsarist Russia's Geographical Investigation of Xinjiang and Boundary Movement in the 19th Century

十九世纪,沙俄大量“科考队”“探险队”在新疆进行了持续而密集、广泛且细致的地理考察,为沙俄的军事占领、边界谈判、制造边界争议、勘界立碑等一系列侵略行为提供了大量重要信息。以自然事实呈现的地理学知识,实则构成了沙俄帝国主义扩张的工具,成为沙俄提升领土要求、界定国家边界的“科学依据”。以军事武装为后盾,掌握地理知识和实践资源的沙俄得以主导边界话语权,致使中俄边界东移,中国领土被大片割占,地理学与帝国主义、地理知识与权力之间呈现出复杂的历史共谋。

In the 19th century,a large number of“Research teams”and“Expedition teams”from Tsarist Russia made continuous,intensive,extensive and detailed geographic investigations in Xinjiang,which provided a lot of important informations for a series of acts of aggression such as Tsarist Russia's military occupation,border negotiations,border disputes,boundary demarcation and erection of boundary tablet.Geographical Knowledge in the form of natural facts constitutes a tool for Tsarist Russia's imperialist expansion,and became a“Scientific basis”for Tsarist Russia to raise territorial claims and define national boundaries.With the coordination of military strategies,Tsarist Russia,which had the geographical knowledge and practical resources,was able to dominate the border discourse,causing the sino-russian border to move eastward and the Chinese territory to be occupied,there is a complicated historical collusion between geography and imperialism,geography knowledge and power.