传统村落保护公众参与模式构建--以贵州云山屯遗产保护工作营为例

Public Participation Model of Cultural Heritage Protection in Traditional Villages:a Case Study of Yunshan Tun Heritage Protection Work Camp in Guizhou

人与遗产构成传统村落的生命共同体,保护遗产物质部分的同时更需要保护村民,使他们能够安居在遗产建筑中,享受保护遗产所带来的利益。本文首先对贵州传统村落的发展现状进行了梳理,由于城镇化发展步伐的加快以及旅游发展早期的不规范开发,导致传统村落文化遗产和原生态环境受到不同程度破坏,村民参与遗产保护遭遇瓶颈等问题。通过对贵州安顺云山屯传统村落保护的公众参与模式进行研究,构建出“主导者—支持者—精英村民—外来参与者”的“公众参与核心框架”,探讨了四种类型主体在遗产保护过程中所承担的作用,包括:政府、专家、基金会的支持作用,主导者的引领作用,本地“精英村民”的带动作用,外来力量的触媒作用。最后提出传统村落可持续发展的建议:以志愿者旅游、研学旅游为载体,深度挖掘传统村落遗产价值;以普通村民及外来游客为对象,激发公众参与遗产保护的热情;以活化共享为原则,创新传统村落的利用方式;以提升文化自信为目标,培养传统村落“守护者”。通过实现多元主体共同参与,使传统村落保护能够得到更广泛和更有效的社会支持。

The key challenges faced by traditional villages in Guizhou Province during their development are as follows:some original features and styles of traditional villages have been damaged;heritage buildings in traditional villages have been abandoned and neglected;original local culture has gradually disappeared;there is a lack of good mechanisms to sustain traditional building skills and techniques;and there are some bottlenecks for villagers to participate in cultural heritage protection.By studying the model of public participation in cultural heritage protection in a traditional village,Yunshantun,in Guizhou Province,this paper developed a key public participation framework,which consists of leaders,supporters,elite villagers,and out-sider participants.The roles played by four types of entities in cultural heritage protection were discussed as follows:government,experts and foundations provide support;leaders give play to the leading role;elite villagers act as role models;and outsiders brought with them the catalytic effects.Lastly,this paper proposed some suggestions for the sustainable development of cultural heritage protection in traditional villages in Guizhou Province.The value of cultural heritage in traditional villages should be thoroughly explored through the development of volunteer-,research-and education-based tourism;focusing on common villagers and tourists,efforts should be put into motivating the public to participate in cultural heritage protection;sticking to the principle of revitalizing and sharing cultural heritage,utilization of cultural heritage in traditional villages in Guizhou Province should be innovated;and“guardians”of traditional villages should be developed so that cultural confidence may be established.It is expected that the public participation model will be established ef-ficiently in traditional villages in Guizhou Province.Through the participation of multiple parties,cultural heritage protection in tradi-tional villages may gain wider and more efficient support from society.