西南近代外廊式建筑的传入与本土化演变

Introduction and Localization of Modern Buildings with Outdoor Corridors in Southwestern China

西南近代建筑的发展进程有别于沿海开埠城市的“全盘西化”过程,呈现出典型的本土化特征,外廊式建筑的传入与演变正是这一进程的典型代表。本文在对西南近代外廊式建筑全面调查的基础上,厘清了外廊式建筑的传入、传播、演变的时间、空间和过程。通过比较分析,将外廊式建筑归纳为五种平面类型,探明了从梁柱式外廊和券柱式外廊中演变出新的中西合璧式外廊的过程,分析了背后的演变动因。中西合璧式外廊则是在传播过程中经本土工匠之手融合而成的新类型,按开间布局,外廊以梁柱承重,用跨度较大的弧形券作装饰,屋顶与梁柱式外廊相似。这种本土化演变体现出中国传统文化对外来建筑文化的涵化过程。

Modern buildings in southwestern China started to transform around the end of the 19th century in Chongqing and some cities in Yunnan Province when foreign trade was allowed by the authorities.As these cities in southwestern China started for-eign trade relatively late,experienced wars frequently,and had weak economic foundation,they were not completely Westernized as other Chinese cities along the coast or rivers.Instead,they demonstrated a trend of combining foreign design with local culture,a typical representation of which is buildings with outdoor corridors.Modern catholic churches in southwestern China mainly have two types of outdoor corridor designs.One is the design used by catholic abbey but with local features.Most of these catholic abbeys have a courtyard surrounded by an outdoor corridor,like that of a Western abbey,or corridors are both built inside and outside of the church.The other is the design used by catholic church since the mid-19th century,which has a separate priest office,and outdoor corridors,which often have a beam-column structure.After foreign trade was allowed,the corridor design was changed to have columns with arches between them.Under the influence of such design,new residence buildings built for military officers,gentry and businessmen in Chongqing and Guizhou during the modern times often have outdoor corridors.According to their structure and floor plan,these residence buildings can also be categorized to the following types of corridors:beam-column outdoor corridor,column-arch corridor,corridor with both Chinese and Western elements,and courtyard-surrounding corridor.In terms of floor plan,buildings with outdoor corridor in southwestern China can be categorized into five groups:those having a column-arch corridor with the columns not corresponding to the span of the building;those having a column-arch corridor with the columns corresponding to the span of the building;those having three individual buildings as its three sides;those having four indi-vidual buildings as its four sides,which are partially surrounded by outdoor corridors;and those of an abbey style with internal and outdoorcorridors.There are two main origins for the designs of modern buildings with outdoor corridors in southwestern China.The beam-column corridor design is the result of the evolution of the hall with Chinese hip-gable roof and corridors under the eaves.The span between the columns is determined by the floor and facade with upturned eaves.Such outdoor corridor embodies Chinese building logic.The column-arch outdoor corridor design was introduced to the colonies with foreign trade and is characterized by a series of vertical col-umns and arches,which are features of the facade.The eaves of this type of corridor do not upturn.This type of corridor shows the Western building logic.While the outdoor corridor with both Chinese and Western elements is a new design,which was created by lo-cal craftsmen during its popularization.Based on the span of the building,the outdoor corridor has the columns and beams for weight bearing,arches of large spans for decoration,and a roof like that of a beam-column corridor.Such localization demonstrated an accul-turation process through which foreign architecture culture was adjusted to the Chinese culture.