中国传统合院的创造性转化:南京青年会中华路会所的诞生与重生

Creative Transformation of Chinese Traditional Courtyard Rebirth of Nanjing YMCA Headquarters on Zhonghua Road

近代南京基督教青年会曾先后在南京十庙口、新街口、花牌楼、旧中协署、中华路等地建设和租用会所。最初租用的花牌楼会所是一套典型合院建筑风格的江南民居,在南会早期发展中发挥至关重要作用,特别是影响到中华路会所建筑设计采用了合院布局。1926年落成的南会中华路会所,是一组近代西班牙风格合院建筑,也是中国传统合院建筑一次成功的创造性转化。南京国民政府时期,中华路会所很快进入辉煌时期,根据合院布局规划使用空间。南京沦陷后会所建筑被侵华日军焚毁,直到抗战胜利后按原来两进合院格局重建。新中国成立初期,会所旧址被改作工厂、酒店等多种用途,21世纪初大半被拆除,导致原来两进合院布局完全消失。近年为了保护附近的重要考古遗迹,有关机构在中华路会所南侧增建钢结构建筑,由此重新围合出来一个庭院。合院布局在中华路会所建造、重建与修复中反复重现,显示了中国传统合院的强大生命力。

For years,the revival of Chinese traditional architecture and the essence of Chinese architecture have been hotspots in contemporary China.The heritage of modern architecture over a century is a vivid material for experience summary,such as the Nan-jing YMCA site.At the end of the 19th century,the YMCA was introduced in China with the financial support of the North American YMCA.It constructed a large number of buildings,many of which have been preserved and become historic architecture at various administrative levels.For example,the Nanjing YMCA Headquarters on Zhonghua Road is listed as a protected site in Nanjing.This building was mainly funded by the International Committee of the North American YMCA,and thus the later took a leading role in its design.The Building Bureau of the International Committee of the North American YMCA drafted the proposal based on the Nan-jing YMCA's suggestions and requirements,then based on the draft,Arthur Quinton Adamson,director of the Building Office of the National Committee of YMCA in China,took on its construction drawings and the design brief and oversaw its construction.It is the mainstream model of design and construction of YMCA Headquarters in modern China,which has great significance for in-depth research in the field.The author conducted in-depth research on the history of the Nanjing YMCA site,especially the design and con-struction,based on materials from the University of Minnesota and Shanghai Archives.The Nanjing YMCA built and rented its headquarters in Shimiaokou,Xinjiekou,Huapailou,former Zhongxie Ofice,and Zhonghua Road,successively.The headquarters rented in Huapailou was a traditional Jiangnan dwelling with a courtyard,which played a vital role at the early stage of the Nanjing YMCA,especially prompting the headquarters on Zhongshan Road to adopt a courtyard layout.The former Zhongxie Office had intended to construct a headquarters but was finally exchanged for the main foundation of the headquarters on Zhon-ghua Road.In the fall of 1926,four main buildings of the Nanjing YMCA Headquarters on Zhonghua Road were completed,constituting a modern Spanish-style courtyard building complex.During the Nanjing National Government period,the headquarters on Zhonghua Road lived its glory days,re-organizing its space according to the courtyard layout.After the fall of Nanjing,it was soon burned down by the Japa-nese invaders.It was not until the territory was recovered that it was rebuilt to the original scale of two courtyards.In the early days of the People's Republic of China,it was transformed into various functions,such as factories and hotels.After the reform and opening up,it was identified as a historical and cultural site under protection.But in the new century,it again suffered a catastrophe,losing its original layout of two courtyards entirely.In recent years,to protect the important archaeological site in the neighborhood,a steel structure was added to the south of the former headquarters on Zhonghua Road,thus again enclosing a courtyard.As a product of the communication between China and the West,the design of the Nanjing YMCA Headquarters on Zhonghua Road is a successful creative transformation of a Chinese traditional courtyard building,hence gaining respect in subsequent recon-struction and restoration,which shows the strong vitality of Chinese traditional courtyard buildings.