宗藩之溃:1885年中日《天津条约》“派兵条款”形成考析

The Collapse of Suzerain-Vassal System:The Formation of the“Provision of Dispatching Troops”i n the Sino-Japanese Tianjin Treaty in 1885

1885年中日《天津条约》中的“派兵条款”,是该约最为重要,也是后果最为严重的一款。中方提出派兵权及该条款的产生,起因于撤兵问题,肇源于日本的侵朝野心。日方则坚决反对中方的独有派兵权,李鸿章为此反复调整方案。作为不同的理念和原则,“本有”之权与“均等”宗旨是中日各自主张的依据,反映了双方在朝鲜问题上的根本分歧。由于清政府做出“非常之让步”,双方最后迅速达成协议,形成双方权利“均等”的“派兵条款”。该条款是中朝宗藩关系在法理上走向溃决的重要标志,为日本启动武力手段侵朝做了法理上的准备。

The“provision of dispatching troops”in the Sino-Japanese Tianjin Treaty in 1885 is the most important and the most serious one.China's proposal for dispatching troops and the provision was caused by the issue of withdrawing troops and originated from Japan's ambition to invade Korea.Japan was firmly opposed to China's unique right of dispatching troops,and Li Hongzhang had repeatedly adjusted the plan.As different ideas and principles,the“original”right and the purpose of“equality”were the basis for the respective propositions of China and Japan,reflecting the fundamental differences between the two sides on the Korea issue.Because of the Qing government made“extraordinary concessions,”at the end the two sides quickly reached an agreement,forming a“provision of dispatching troops”with“equal rights”for both sides.The provision was an important sign of the collapse of the suzerain-vassal relations between China and Korea in jurisprudence,which gave Japan a chance to do legal preparations for invading Korea by force.