清代画珐琅金红彩的区分与研究

Differentiation and research on the gold-red glaze for Qing Dynasty painted enamel

画珐琅是一种在清代自外国传入的工艺,研究画珐琅彩料的发展对于了解画珐琅工艺的发展以及后期受其影响的粉彩工艺的技术革新有着重要的意义。画珐琅彩料中金红是最初由西方传入的彩料,这种以金子为原材料制作出的艳丽粉色在中国釉上彩的发展过程中具有独特意义。但由于常规无损分析手段难以对金红彩的成分和工艺进行有效的分析,因此对于金红的研究主要集中于文献分析。针对故宫博物院藏宫廷画珐琅文物,利用配备低真空模块的电子显微镜,直接观测金红釉彩中呈色的金纳米粒子的形貌和分布,配合电子显微镜中能谱分析,验证了之前文献研究考证中的国外“卡修斯紫”配方的金红以及本土配方“掺铜金红”的存在:典型卡修斯紫配方金红彩的基底釉为铅-钾-钠玻璃,金含量4.4%,且含有11.7%的锡元素;本土掺铜金红的基底釉为铅-钾玻璃,金含量12.5%,铜含量0.2%。同时发现了一种中国本土画珐琅普遍使用但此前未被注意到的金红配方,该配方为铅-钾釉,采用砷元素作为还原剂制备金红,与采用锡元素的卡修斯紫配方的金红不同,砷含量0.2%,金含量3.9%~8.4%。

Painted enamel is a kind of craft introduced from European countries during the Qing Dynasty.The study of the development of painted enamel glaze is of great significance for understanding the evolution of painted enamel craft and the technological innovation of famille rose crafts affected by it later.The gold-red glaze was at first imported from the West.This gorgeous pink made using gold as a raw material has unique significance in the development of Chinese over-glaze ceramics.However,it is difficult to effectively analyze the composition of gold-red using conventional non-destructive methods,leading to the research on gold-red mainly focusing on literature analysis.To study the painted enamel collections in the Palace Museum,an electron microscope equipped with a low-vacuum module was used to directly observe the morphology and distribution of the gold nano-particles in the gold-red glaze.Using energy spectral analysis,previous literature research on the existence of gold-red made according to the foreign“Cassius Purple”formula and the Chinese local formula“copper-blended gold-red”was verified.At the same time,a previously unnoticed gold-red formula in China was discovered,in which the element of arsenic was used as a reducing agent to prepare gold-red glaze.