植物对岩土文物的作用及保护技术研究进展

Advances in research on the effects of plants on rock-soil relics and theirconservation technology

由于人工-自然复合生态系统的不稳定性及保存环境的复杂性,岩土文物长期遭受着生物与非生物因素的威胁,其中,植物对遗址的作用及其保护应用技术一直备受关注。对相关研究成果总结表明,基于植物的新型遗址防护技术以其绿色、可持续和环境兼容等优势在石质古城墙、夯土类遗址等的保护中逐渐成为替代工程类抢救性保护措施,但存在植物对岩土文物作用机理认知不足、研究技术受限、防控新技术应用滞后及其效果不佳、保护遗址植物选种及后期维护较难等问题,致使植物与岩土文物间的辩证关系至今界定不清,极大限制了保护技术的研发。结合我国石窟寺、土遗址保护面临的生物学问题,针对植物保护遗址技术实施的限制因素,作出以下展望:1)厘清植物对岩土文物的损害及保护作用机理;2)构建不同环境下界定植物对岩土文物正负效应的科学评估体系;3)明确植物种内和种间的相互作用以及驱动植物在岩土文物表面建植的关键因子;4)结合全球气候变化,研发岩土文物有害植物的精准防控技术;5)筛选适宜的软覆盖植物种并对其防护效果进行评估;6)研发基于BSC的软覆盖技术,开展环境适应性和保护效果评估。

Due to the instability of the artificial-natural complex ecosystems and the complexity of the preservation environment,rock-soil relics have long been threatened by biotic and abiotic factors.The effects of plants on heritage sites and their protection applications have always attracted much attention.In the summary of relevant research results,it is found that the new on-site protection technology based on plants has advantages such as going green,sustainability and environmental compatibility,environmental protection and easy implementation,and has gradually become an alternative to engineering rescue protection measures for the protection of rammed earth sites.However,the mechanisms of the effects of plants on rock-soil relics are still insufficiently understood and the research technology is limited,with the result that the applications of new technologies of prevention and control lag behind,giving unsatisfactory results.Thus the selection of plant species and their subsequent maintenance on site are difficult,which have made unclear the dialectical relationship between plants and rock-soil relics.In combination with the biological problems faced by cave temples and earthen sites,and in view of the limiting factors for the application of plant protection technologies for sites in arid areas of China,the following perspectives are considered:1)clarification of the damage and protection mechanisms of plants for rock-soil cultural relics;2)establishment of a scientific evaluation system to define the positive and negative effects of plants on geotechnical relics in different environments;3)definition of the interaction between plants within and between species and the key factors driving plants to build on the surface of geotechnical relics;4)combination of global climate changes to research and develop precise prevention and control technologies for plants harmful to rock and soil cultural relics;5)screening suitable soft cover plant species and evaluating their protective effects and 6)development of soft capping technology based on BSC,and carrying out assessments of environmental adaptability and protective effects.