经史之间:吕祖谦的《左传》研究

Between Classics and History:Lv Zuqian's Study of Zuo Zhuan

吕祖谦是南宋乾淳时期重要的理学家和史学家,一生著述丰硕,尤勤于研治《左传》。吕祖谦结缘于《左传》与家学渊源、时代理学思潮和个人治学旨趣密不可分。吕祖谦的《左传》阐释,分别秉持了经学立场与史学立场。从经学立场出发,吕祖谦认为《左传》是一部讲究褒贬、以事解经的史书,高度重视阐发《左传》义理,既认为其“字字缜密”,所记无一件闲事;又指出其对于义理的阐发不够,不明纲常伦理,好说灾祥,醉心于霸道事迹,期望将其纳入到理学的谱系中来。从史学立场出发,吕祖谦肯定《左传》是一部编年叙事的史书,重视阐发《左传》的史法、史学思想、典章制度和历史文献价值等。吕祖谦的《左传》阐释呈现的经史并重特点,与其以经学作为伦理道德标准以正人心,以史学之过往史事为现实提供借鉴的致用观密不可分。吕祖谦的《左传》研究呈现的治学特点,发端了浙东学术秉持的“言性命必究于史”的学术传统。

Lv Zuqian was an important Neo-Confucianist and historian of the Southern Song Dynasty during the Qiandao-Chunxi period,and he wrote extensively throughout his life,especially on Zuo Zhuan(The Zuo Tradition or The Commentary of Zuo).His association with the Zuo Zhuan was inseparable from his family influence,the Neo-Confucian trend of his time,and his personal interests in scholarship.In his interpretation of Zuo Zhuan,Lv held the positions of classics and history respectively.From the standpoint of Confucian classics,he considered Zuo Zhuan as a historical book concerned with moral judgments,and historicized events recorded in it.He attached great importance to deducing moral meanings from the text.In a self-reflexive manner,he also pointed out that he neither had sufficient knowledge about moral righteousness nor was able to distinguish principles from ethics.He admitted that he was obsessed with calamities and hegemonic deeds while reading Zuo Zhuan,and hoped to incorporate it into the genealogy of Neo-Confucianism.From the standpoint of historiography,he affirmed that Zuo Zhuan was a historical book with a chronological narrative.He paid attention to its historical method,historical thoughts,and the value of its records on canonical system and of its historical materials.The dual emphasis on classics and history in his interpretation of Zuo Zhuan was inextricably linked to his view on use of classics as an ethical and moral standard for correcting people's minds and use of history as a reference for reality.Lv Zuqian's study of Zuo Zhuan gave birth to the academic tradition of"the study of life-and-death matters must be based on history",which was upheld by scholars from eastern Zhejiang.