20世纪以来阿拉伯世界对“十字军”记忆的构建

The Construction of the Memory of‘Crusades’in the Arab World since the 20th Century

十字军东征是东西方关系史上的重要事件,给阿拉伯人造成了难以释怀的心理创伤。然而,这种创伤记忆并非与十字军入侵同步形成,它主要是现代世界的产物。20世纪以前,阿拉伯人总体上并未将十字军东征看成一场严重的民族灾难,十字军对阿拉伯人的思想观念几乎没有产生明显影响。20世纪以来,欧美国家多次打着“十字军东征”的旗号侵犯阿拉伯世界,这导致阿拉伯人将欧洲殖民主义、美国霸权主义和犹太复国主义都视为“新十字军东征”,甚至泛化“十字军”的概念,以其来指代整个西方社会。而且,库尔德人萨拉丁战胜十字军的事迹还被打造成阿拉伯民族英雄主义的象征。正是在现代民族主义语境下,阿拉伯人把十字军东征建构成阿拉伯民族共同的苦难记忆,以此来打造民族认同感,激励民众反抗西方和以色列。十字军东征经过这种政治化的解读和运用,成为阿拉伯世界建构集体记忆的重要资源以及排斥西方的心理症结,也折射出阿拉伯人期待民族复兴,恢复伊斯兰荣光的愿景。

The Crusade was an essential event in the history of East-West Relations and caused a psychological trauma that was unforgettable for the Arabs.However,the traumatic memory did not form simultaneously with the Crusaders'invasion,but was mainly the outcome of the modern world.Before the 20th century,the Arabs generally did not consider the Crusades a serious national disaster,and the Crusader almost had no obvious influence on the Arabs'ideology.Since the 20th century,the Occident have repeatedly invaded the Arab world under the banner of‘Crusades’,leading the Arabs to regard the European colonialism,the American hegemonism and Zionism as‘new Crusades’,and even generalise the concept of‘Crusader'to refer to the entire Western society.Meanwhile,the Arabs transformed the Kurdish Saladin's victory over the Crusaders into a symbol of the Arab national heroism.It is in the context of modern nationalism that the Crusade was developed into a symbol of the Western challenge and a memory of the Arab nation's common suffering,which was used to build a sense of national identity and inspire the Arab people to revolt against the West and Israel.Through this politicised interpretation and application,the Crusade have become an important resource for the Arab world to build its collective memory and the psychological crux of its rejection of the West,as well as reflect the Arab people's expectation of national revival and the restoration of the glory of Islam.