我国乡土草选育的现状、关键科学问题及发展方向

Current Situation,Scientific Problem and Prospect of Native Grass Breeding in China

乡土草是重要的草类植物种质资源,具有抗逆性强、适应性广、类型多样等特性。可经过人工栽培和驯化选育为草类植物新品种,也可利用其优异基因资源,创制和改良现有的牧草品种。乡土草是我国畜牧业发展和生态修复的重要物质基础,但目前我国乡土草品种匮乏、种子产量低,已成为制约草种业发展的“卡脖子”问题。本文从三个方面综述了我国乡土草育种现状:(1)我国乡土草资源丰富,但亟待加强收集、保存与利用;(2)我国具有自主知识产权的乡土草品种匮乏;(3)乡土草驯化选育以常规育种为主,分子育种发展滞后。基于研究现状和发展前沿笔者认为未来应重点关注:(1)乡土草抗逆(抗寒、抗旱、抗盐碱)、高产(草产量、种子产量、落粒、裂荚、开花期等)、优质(粗蛋白含量、香豆素含量、消化率等)性状的精准鉴定;(2)乡土草抗逆、落粒、休眠、萌发、结实率等重要农艺性状形成的分子机理和调控网络;(3)乡土草新品种与土壤、家畜和微生物的互作机制等关键科学问题。围绕以上科学问题开展乡土草抗逆、高产和优质等性状形成的生物学基础研究并建立现代高效育种和繁育技术体系有助于加速选育具有我国自主知识产权的乡土草新品种,促进其推广应用,攻克草种业“卡脖子”问题,保障国家的食物安全和生态安全。

Native grassisanimi portant germplasm resource of herbaceous plants,which has the characteristics of strong stress resistance,wide adaptability and diverse types.It can be artificially cultivated and domesticated to develop new varieties of herbaceous plants,and its excellent genetic resources can also be used to improve existing forage varieties.Native grass varieties are important material basis for the development of animal husbandry and ecological restoration in China,but at present,there is a shortage of native grass varieties in China,and low seed yield has become a"stuck neck"problem restricting the development of grass seed industry.This study reviews the current status of native grass breeding in China from three aspects:(1)China is rich in native grass resources,but it is urgent to strengthen collection,preservation and utilization;(2)There is a shortage of native grass varieties with independent intellectual property rights in China;(3)The domestication and breeding of native grasses is mainly based on conventional breeding,and the development of molecular breeding lags behind.Based on the research status and development frontier,the author believes that in the future,we should focus on:(1)the accurate identification of stress-resistant,high-yield and high-quality traits of native grass species;(2)Molecular mechanism and regulatory network of the formation of important agronomic traits such as stress resistance,seed shattering,dormancy,germination and setting rate of native grass;(3)the interaction mechanism of new native grass varieties with soil,livestock and microorganisms.The solution of these scientific problems and the breakthrough of modern breeding technology system will help China accelerate the selection and breeding of new varieties of native grass with independent intellectual property rights,promote their popularization and application,overcome the"stuck neck"problem of grass seed industry,and ensure national food security and ecological security.