中国特色国家公园协同治理的规范构造探析

Analysis on the Normative Structure of Collaborative Governance of National Parks with Chinese Characteristics

相较于西方发达国家,我国的国家公园建设起步较晚,但是具有后发优势和鲜明特点,是成果最丰富、进展最迅速的生态文明体制改革领域。在国家公园的建设和管理过程中,因其多元的治理主体和复杂的治理内容的实践需求,要实现不同主体之间的利益平衡、生态环境保护和经济社会均衡发展的高质量发展目标,协同治理是唯一可行的路径。具有中国特色的多元协同治理模式及其构造,涵盖了多元主体、多元方式、多元治理机制3个主要方面。其中,多元主体在我国国家公园协同治理中处于基础地位,这些主体涉及处于领导地位的政党、各级政府、国家公园管理机构、一般社会公众以及包括特许经营企业和社区居民在内的特定社会主体。在治理方式上,多元主体之间在推进国家公园治理过程中,通过管理机构与所在地方政府、社区居民、社会公众的横向协同,以及政党与政府、中央政府和地方政府的纵向协同,进行互动、交流、协调,形成治理的合力。在治理机制方面,我国国家公园的协同治理机制主要由沟通协调机制、利益平衡机制、信息共享机制以及约束监督机制等核心机制构成。

Compared with the western developed countries,China’s national park construction started relatively late,but has a late-developing advantage and distinctive characteristics,making it the most fruitful and rapidly progressing field of ecological civilization system reform.In the process of construction and management of national parks,due to the practical needs of diversified governance subjects and complex governance contents,collaborative governance is the only feasible way to achieve the high-quality development goals of balancing interests among different subjects,ecological environmental protection and balanced economic and social development.The diversified cooperative governance model and its structure with Chinese characteristics cover three main aspects:diversified subjects,diversified ways and diversified governance mechanisms.Among them,multiple subjects are in a basic position in the collaborative governance of national parks in China,involving leading political parties,governments at all levels,national park management agencies,the general public,and specific social subjects including franchise enterprises and community residents.In terms of governance methods,in the process of promoting the governance of national parks,multiple subjects interact,communicate and coordinate with each other through horizontal coordination between management bodies and local governments,community residents and the public,as well as vertical coordination between political parties and the government,the central government and local governments,so as to form a joint force for governance.In terms of governance mechanism,the collaborative governance mechanism of national parks in China is mainly composed of communication and coordination mechanism,interest balance mechanism,information sharing mechanism and constraint supervision mechanism.