反思与重构:破产程序中民刑协同模式的选择

Reflection and Reconstruction:Choice of the Civil-Criminal Collaborative Model in Bankruptcy Procedures

破产程序中民刑交叉问题的处理一直以来都是理论界和实务界的一大难题。通过统计2020—2022年非法集资破产案件法院裁判的相关理由,发现当前我国还没有关于非法集资破产案件刑事程序与破产程序如何衔接的统一规定,以致司法实践中出现同案不同判、刑事受害人损失与破产债权人债权清偿范围计算结果差距较大、刑事退赔“空判”现象发生等问题。因此主张适用“民刑协同”模式:即除在特定条件下适用“先刑后民”外,应当民刑程序共同推进,并优先适用破产法统一清偿,通过平衡犯罪受害人与破产债权人之间的利益、加强司法管辖机关之间的沟通协调等,妥善解决破产程序中民刑交叉案件的程序与实体问题。

The handling of the intersection of civil and criminal issues in bankruptcy proceedings has always been a major problem in theoretical and practical circles.By counting the relevant reasons for court judgments in bankruptcy cases of illegal fundraising from 2020 to 2022,it is found that there is currently no unified provision on how to connect criminal procedures and bankruptcy procedures in bankruptcy cases of illegal fundraising in Chi-na,resulting in problems such as different judgments in the same case,large differences between the losses of criminal victims and the calculation results of the scope of settlement of claims of bankruptcy creditors,and the oc-currence of“empty judgments”in criminal restitution.Therefore,it is advocated to apply the“civil-criminal coor-dination”model:that is,in addition to the application of“criminal before civil”under specific conditions,the civil criminal procedures should be jointly promoted,and the bankruptcy law should be applied to the unified liquida-tion,and the procedural and substantive issues of civil-criminal cross-criminal cases in bankruptcy procedures should be properly resolved by balancing the interests of crime victims and bankrupt creditors,strengthening com-munication and coordination between judicial jurisdictions.