我国轻罪治理背景下前科消灭制度的构建

The Construction of Elimination of Ex-conviction System in the Context of Misdemeanour Governance in China

随着刑法积极参与社会治理,轻罪犯罪圈的扩张、轻罪人数的持续增加已成现实。然而,因为我国的前科制度,大量轻罪案件存在“轻罪不轻”现象,这不仅违反了罪刑法定、罪责自负的基本要求,也有违刑罚的正当性,故有建立前科消灭的必要。前科消灭的立法模式,可以采取“两步走”的刑法典方案:先以轻罪主体为先导,再覆盖其他重罪主体。前科消灭的基本条件,可以罪质、悔改、时间、程序要件为重点设计。前科消灭后,对犯罪人的“规范性评价”不复存在,并恢复刑事与非刑事领域受损的法定权利。为确保前科消灭的效力统一、有效运行,还需统筹刑法上的前科报告、累犯制度,并清理刑法外不合理的前科规定。

With the active participation of criminal law in the governance of society,the expansion of the circle of misdemeanors and the continuous increase in the number of misdemeanors have become a reality.However,there are some cases in which“misdemeanors are severe”.This violates not only the requirements of the law of crime and punishment and self-accountability,but also the legitimacy of punishment.Thus,it is necessary to construct the elimination of ex-conviction system.The legislative model for the elimination of ex-conviction could be based on a“two-step”approach to the Criminal Code:the subject of the misdemeanor should be the first to be covered,and then the subject of the other felonies should be covered.The basic conditions for the expungement of ex-conviction should be designed to focus on the quality of the realm,repentance,time,and procedural elements.After the expungement of ex-conviction,the“normative evaluation”based on the criminal record no longer exists,and the offender's impaired legal rights in both the criminal and non-criminal spheres are restored.To ensure that the elimination of ex-conviction is effective and efficient,it is also necessary to harmonize the reporting of ex-conviction and recidivism in criminal law and to clean up unjustified ex-conviction provisions outside criminal law.