阜新辽代平原公主墓壁画制作材料与工艺研究

Research on Materials and Technology of Pingyuan Princess Tomb of Liao Dynasty

平原公主墓位于辽宁省阜新市阜新县,作为一座辽代贵族墓葬,其壁画内容丰富,对于研究辽代契丹民族的政治、经济、社会文化、丧葬习俗,以及辽代墓葬壁画的发展有着重要的价值。现阶段对于辽代壁画的形制、题材、艺术价值等方面的研究资料较为丰富,对其发展脉络的梳理也较为清晰,但关于辽墓壁画制作材料与工艺的分析以及契丹民族与中原地区在科学技术层面上的交流却鲜有报道。2020年由于展陈需要,亟待对其进行保护修复。为此,本研究利用超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜-能谱、激光拉曼光谱、X射线衍射、热裂解-气相色谱-质谱等分析方法,对取自平原公主墓壁画的颜料、地仗层和胶结物样品进行了分析。分析结果表明,平原公主墓壁画使用颜料均为矿物颜料,其中红色颜料为铅丹,黑色颜料为炭黑,黄色颜料为铁黄,颜料胶结材料使用了动物胶。白灰地仗层主要成分为方解石,草泥地仗层主要成分为石英、斜长石和钠长石;制作工艺方面,契丹民族不仅对汉族的文化有所借鉴、吸收,对中原地区先进的科学技术与工艺也有充分的学习,并在辽墓壁画的制作中进行了实践。本研究对平原公主墓壁画制作材料与工艺特征的分析,可以为后期的保护修复工作提供借鉴作用,同时丰富了辽宋时期墓葬壁画制作材料的资料,具有一定的学术意义。

The tomb of the Pingyuan Princess is located in Fuxin County,Fuxin City,Liaoning Province.As an aristocratic tomb of the Liao dynasty,its murals are rich in content,which is of great value to the study of politics,economy,social culture and funeral customs of The Khitan nationality in the Liao Dynasty,as well as the development of the tomb murals in Liao Dynasty.There are abundant research materials on the shape,theme,artistic value and other aspects of the Liao dynasty murals,and a clear review of their development.However,there are few reports on analysing the materials and techniques of the Liao dynasty tomb murals and the scientific and technological exchanges between the Khidan people and the Central Plains.Due to the need for an exhibition in 2020,it is urgent to carry out conservation and restoration.A super depth of field microscopy,SEM-EDS,laser Raman spectroscopy,XRD,Py-GC/MS were employed to research the pigment,the base layer and the cementation from the mural of The Princess of Pingyuan.The analysis results show that the pigments used in the tomb murals of Princess Pingyuan are all mineral pigments,among which the red pigments are lead,black pigments are carbon black,yellow pigments are iron yellow,and animal glue is used as pigment cementing material.Calcite is the main component of the limestone lithophore,quartz,plagioclase,and albite are the main components of the grass-mud ground layer.In terms of production technology,the Khitan people not only learned from and absorbed the culture of the Han people but also fully learned the advanced science,technology and technology of the Central Plains and practiced in the production of the murals of the Liao Tomb.The research on the material and technological characteristics of the tomb murals of the pingyuan Princess can provide a reference for the later protection and restoration work and enrich the material materials of the tomb murals of Liao and Song dynasties,which have a certain academic significance.