中国高端制造业贸易竞争力动态演化与决定因素

The Dynamic Evolution and Determinants of in Chinese Highend Manufacturing Industry

利用2010—2018年中国以及主要发达国家的高端制造业数据,通过出口市场占有率、贸易竞争优势指数以及显性比较优势指数等指标,比较这些国家高端制造业的贸易竞争力,并分析中国高端制造业贸易竞争力的决定因素。研究结果显示:中国的计算机、电子与光学仪器领域具有较大的出口市场占有率,而制药和航空航天领域的出口市场占有率均很低;中国在计算机、电子与光学仪器领域有微弱竞争优势,而在制药和航空航天领域分别有微弱竞争劣势和较大竞争劣势;中国在计算机、电子与光学仪器领域具有较强的贸易竞争力,而在制药和航空航天领域也显示出一定的贸易竞争力。此外,贸易竞争力决定因素分析结果表明,对外开放度、科研转化能力以及政府行为等对中国高端制造业贸易竞争力产生正向作用。最后,基于研究结论得出如下启示:第一,需要做好顶层设计,为高端制造业发展制定详细规划与支持政策;第二,彻底打通产、学、研的联动通道,提高科技创新成果转化率;第三,提升中国在全球高端制造业贸易网络中的自由度,加强在高端制造业领域的国际技术合作;有必要根据中国高端制造业的比较优势,部署和推动高端制造业的创新发展。

Based on the relevant data of the high-end manufacturing industry between China and major developed countries from 2010 to 2018,this paper compares the dynamic evolution of trade competitiveness between China and developed countries such as the United States,Japan,Germany,France,the United Kingdom and Republic of Korea through export market share,trade specialization coefficient and index of revealed comparative advantage.After that,the paper analyzes the status of China in global trade and the determinants of China's high-end manufacturing trade competitiveness,and puts forward corresponding policy recommendations based on the conclusions.The analysis results of this paper are summarized as follows.First,the analysis of export market share results shows that China's computer,electronics,and optical instruments field have a large export market share,while the pharmaceutical field and aerospace field export market share are very low.Second,the analysis of trade specialization coefficient results shows that China has a weak competitive advantage in the fields of computer,electronics and optical instruments,while it has a weak competitive disadvantage and a large competitive disadvantage in the fields of pharmaceutical and aerospace respectively.Third,the analysis of the index of revealed comparative advantage results shows that China's computer,electronics and optical instruments fields have strong trade competitiveness,while the pharmaceutical field and aerospace field also show certain trade competitiveness.Finally,this paper analyzes the effect on the trade competitiveness of China's high-end manufacturing industry from the openness to the outside world,foreign direct investment,government behavior,labor productivity,market control ability,industry concentration,scientific research transformation ability,R&D investment intensity and capacity,new product development intensity and so on.Among them,openness to the outside world,scientific research transformation ability,government behavior have a positive effect on the trade competitiveness of China's high-end manufacturing industry.According to the results of this paper,the following revelations can be drawn.First,it is necessary to guide social and private funds to invest in high-end manufacturing,promotes the establishment of a diversified scientific research funding system,and ultimately improves trade competitiveness through technological innovation.Second,it is necessary for the government to incorporate the scientific research achievement transformation promotion plan into the national economic and social development planning,and strengthen scientific research transformation services through policy support from finance,industry,finance,and government procurement.Third,it should enhance the freedom of China's global high-end manufacturing trade network and increase international technical cooperation in the field of high-end manufacturing.Fourth,it is necessary to deploy and promote the advanced development of high-end manufacturing in accordance with the comparative advantages of China's high-end manufacturing.