孔子教学批评艺术及当代观照

Confucius’ Art of Teaching Criticism and Its Contemporary Perspective

在孔门教学中,针对门下弟子表现出的过错和缺点,出于仁爱的目的,孔子通过适合的教学情景活动,遵循不同对象的个性与不同过错的程度,巧妙运用批评指导门下弟子知错改错,进而获得显著的教育成效,达到了艺术化的教学境界。其中,孔子“温而厉,威而不猛,恭而安”的独特个性、“过,则勿惮改”的改过理念以及“子之四忧”的坚守规则构筑了其教学批评艺术的底色。孔子善用言语式批评和行动式批评的批评手法,施以教学批评,表现出关怀性、教育性与层次性等鲜明特征。以孔子教学批评艺术为观照,现今教师应当通过形塑教学批评的观念文化、提升教学批评的能力机智以及构建教学批评的情感基础等路径,纾解教学批评的实践困境,以期实现教学批评的有效性和艺术性。

In the teaching of Confucius,in response to the faults and shortcomings shown by his disciples,for the purpose of benevolence,Confucius skillfully used criticism to guide his disciples to know their faults and correct them through suitable teaching scenarios and activities,and in accordance with the personalities of the different subjects and the degree of their faults,and then achieved remarkable educational results and artistic teaching realm.Confucius’unique personality,the concept of correcting mistakes,and the“four worries of Confucius”are the foundation of his teaching art of criticism.Confucius made good use of the criticism techniques of verbal criticism and action criticism to criticize teaching,showing distinctive features such as caring,education and hierarchy.Taking the art of teaching criticism of Confucius as an example,teachers nowadays should solve the practical dilemma of teaching criticism by shaping the conceptual culture of teaching criticism,improving the ability and wit of teaching criticism,and constructing the emotional foundation of teaching criticism,so as to realize the effectiveness and artistry of teaching criticism.