西藏林芝市义务教育资源空间配置及其均衡性研究

Research on the Spatial Allocation and Equilibrium of Compulsory Education Resources in Nyingchi,Tibet

促进义务教育均衡化发展是巩固青藏高原地区脱贫攻坚成果与实现共同富裕的重要基础条件之一。以青藏高原典型城市—林芝市为例,综合运用核密度分析、熵值法和变异系数,探索其义务教育资源空间配置及其均衡性。结果如下:第一,各区县中以巴宜区的教师力量较为雄厚、配置状况良好。小学和初中的空间分布呈现“西多东少,北多南少”的基本格局,二者均在巴宜区高度集聚。第二,巴宜区小学配置水平最高,工布江达县配置水平最低。林芝市小学和初中教育资源总体水平不高,各区县水平悬殊,距离中心区县较远的地区教育资源配置水平处于劣势地位。第三,市域尺度下的小学和初中资源配置均实现基本均衡,市域初中教育资源配置均衡性相对较高。县域尺度下,察隅县小学资源配置最为均衡,波密县的均衡性最差,但县域尺度小学教育资源和设施配置仍差异较大。本文从促进资源向教育薄弱地区及学校倾斜和加大对资源综合配置处于较低水平学校的重视两个层面提出林芝市义务教育资源空间优化配置的相关建议。

The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan proposes to consolidate the achievements of basic balanced compulsory education,further improve the standards for schooling,and strive to promote the quality and balanced development of compulsory education.Promoting the equal development of compulsory education is one of the important basic conditions for consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation and realizing common prosperity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,thus making it all the more necessary to promote the balanced development of compulsory education for students enjoying equitable and high-quality compulsory education.At present,there is a lack of studies evaluating the balance of compulsory education resources based on the unique regional characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and taking the typical cities in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the empirical targets.At the same time,the evaluation indicators of existing studies are not geographically specific,and few studies include the indicators reflecting students’comprehensive quality of education or accommodation conditions in evaluating the allocation level of compulsory education resources.Nyingchi city,a typical city in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,was taken as an example in this study.The spatial allocation pattern of compulsory education resources in Nyingchi was analyzed by using kernel density analysis with the data of schools,teachers and students in each district and county of Nyingchi,then the allocation level of compulsory education resources in Nyingchi was measured by adopting entropy value method,and finally the equilibrium of spatial allocation of compulsory education resources was explored by applying the coefficient of variation.The results are as follows.Firstly,among all the districts and counties,Bayi District has the strongest teacher force and good configuration.The teachers in Bayi District,Zayu County and Gongbo’gyamda County are well allocated,but there is significant spatial heterogeneity and serious structural deficiency.The location distribution of primary and junior high schools in each district and county shows the characteristics of“junior high schools located at the district and county level and primary schools located at the township level”.The spatial distribution of primary and junior high schools presents a basic pattern of“more in the west and less in the east,more in the north and less in the south”,both of which are highly clustered in Bayi District.Secondly,the comprehensive allocation level of compulsory education resources of 61 primary schools in Nyingchi City is within the range of[0.095,0.698],and the comprehensive allocation level of compulsory education resources among schools is significantly different.The primary schools with relatively low allocation are mainly distributed in counties in the periphery of urban areas,with the highest allocation level in Bayi District and the lowest allocation level in Gongbo’gyamda County.The overall primary education in Nyingchi City is at the middle and lower level,and the spatial allocation of primary education resources at county level is uneven,with disparate levels and obvious differences.The comprehensive allocation level of educational resources of the 10 junior high schools at the city level is within the range of[0.186,0.372],and there is also certain variation in the allocation of resources among the schools.Bayi District has always been the district with the most abundant junior high school education resources at all levels,and also the area with the highest allocation level of education resources.The overall level of education resources of primary and junior high school in Nyingchi City is not high,and there is a disparity in the level of the districts and counties,with the allocation level of education resources in areas farther away from the central districts and counties being in a disadvantaged position.Thirdly,the primary education resources of each district and county in Nyingchi City have reached the basic equilibrium state of the county,but there are different aspects of unbalanced allocation in districts and counties on individual indicators.The resource allocation of primary schools in Zayu County was the most balanced,while that of Bomi County was the worst,with county-scale primary education resource and facility allocation still varying widely,with inadequate facilities and a mix of good and bad.Resource allocation for both primary and junior high schools at the city level is basically balanced,and the equilibrium of education resource allocation for junior high schools is relatively high.In terms of the equilibrium of education resource allocation and specific education resources and facilities of primary and junior high schools at city level,there are still some differences in individual indicators.In the future,it is still necessary to pay attention to the balanced development of educational resources both at the city and county level,optimize the allocation of education resources,narrow the gap,and make up for shortcomings.Finally,this study puts forward suggestions on the spatial optimization of compulsory education resources in Nyingchi City from two aspects:one is to allocate more resources to the areas with inadequate education resources,and the other is to pay more attention to the schools with lower levels in resource allocation.