欧陆证据科学之父——弗朗斯瓦·戈尔弗对证明科学发展的贡献

Father of evidence science in Europe:Frangois Gorphe's contribution to science of proof

中国对证据科学的认识深受英美法影响。国内存在这样一种普遍认识:大陆法系采行自由心证原则,在证据科学方面无什建树。这一认识实则有所偏颇。20世纪,法国法官弗朗斯瓦·戈尔弗在证明科学所作的贡献在欧陆独树一帜,可谓之“欧陆证据科学之父”。戈尔弗在他所处的时代打破传统法学以法教义学为中心的桎梏,转向更为技术的证据评估方法及司法裁判方法,力图将科学方法引入司法场域,以便限制法官擅断。戈尔弗的三部代表作皆反应了他在这一方面的不懈努力。戈尔弗的思想虽然在法国法学圈子影响有限,但在心理学和犯罪学领域获得关注,并且深受威格莫尔赞誉,产生了相当的国际影响力。他在证据理论方面的贡献主要体现在将逻辑推理和心理学作为可靠的证据分析方法,司法实践方面的贡献则主要体现为提倡加强证人教育及法官“辅助法庭科学”方面的培训。戈尔弗的思想对时下中国证明科学的发展有三点启示:证明科学的发展需要法学家的支持和推动,司法心理学方面的研究应当持续推进,司法人员职业培训的内容应当超出法学的疆界。

China's understanding of evidence science is deeply influenced by common law.There is a general understanding in China that there is no progress in evidence science in the civil law system because of the principle of intime conviction.This opinion is biased.In the 20th century,Fran?ois Gorphe,a French judge,made a great contribution to evidence science in Europe,and is regarded as the“father of evidence science in Europe”.In Gorphe's time,the tradition of French law puts the doctrine as the center.He broke this tradition,turned to the techniques of evidence evaluation and the methods of judgement,and tried to introduce scientific methods into the judicial field,to limit the judge's discretion.Gorphe's three masterpieces all reflect his unremitting efforts in this field.Although Gorphe's ideas had limited influence in French legal circles,they gained attention in the field of psychology and criminology,and were praised by Wigmore,and had considerable international influence.His contributions to the theory of evidence are mainly the use of logical reasoning and psychology as reliable methods of evidence analysis,and his contributions to judicial practice are mainly the promotion of witness education and the training of judges in"auxiliary forensic science".Gorphe's thought has three inspirations for the development of the science of proof in China:the development of the science of proof needs the support and promotion of jurists,the research of judicial psychology should be continuously promoted,and the content of the vocational training of judicial personnel should go beyond the boundary of the law.