蒙古语回族称谓及相关问题

Mongolian Names of Hui People and Related Issues

本文对多语种文献进行语文学研究,梳理和探究蒙古语对元明清三代西域穆斯林人口和国内维吾尔族、回族的称谓演变,指出了其背后的各民族交往交流的事实。本文认为,在元朝时期,蒙古人与中亚、西亚的交往中以“撒儿塔兀勒”称呼那里的穆斯林,与汉语文献的“回回”相对应;在明代,以“插罕麻剌哈”指称塔里木盆地绿洲诸城的定居人口,以“黄色撒儿塔兀勒”指代中亚穆斯林;到清代,卫拉特蒙古人对西域穆斯林的称呼“和通”传入东部蒙古,经清朝乾隆年间和同治年间的陕甘回民起义中蒙古人与回族的交往,“和通”一词逐渐演变为专指回族的称谓。“和通”为蒙古语,意思是“城子”。论文还解释了所谓“胡都木文”的词义,指出该词为“和通蒙古文”即畏吾体蒙古文之意。蒙古语回族称谓的源流以及畏吾体蒙古文名称在卫拉特蒙古中的变化充分体现了汉、维吾尔、回、满、蒙古等各民族在历史上的密切交往与交流。

This paper studies the philology of multilingual literature,sorts out and explores the evolution of the Mongolian language on the Muslim population in the Western regions during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties and the Uygur and Hui people in China,and points out the facts of communication in between various ethnic groups.This paper argues that,during the Yuan Dynasty,the Mongols called the local Muslims by the name of “Sartahul” in their contacts in Central and West Asia,which corresponds to the term “hui hui” in Chinese literature.During the Ming Dynasty,the term “white cap” was used to refer to the sedentary population of the oasis cities in southern Xinjiang,and the term “yellow ■ sartaγul” was used to refer to the Muslims of Central Asia.In the Qing Dynasty,the Oirat Mongolian's name for Muslims in the western region “qotong” was introduced to eastern Mongolia.During the uprising of the Hui people in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces in the Qianlong and Tongzhi periods of the Qing Dynasty,along with the interaction between Mongols and Hui,the term “qotong” gradually evolved into a title referring exclusively to the Hui people.“Qotong” is a Mongolian word meaning “city.” The paper also explains the meaning of the so-called “qudum”,which means “qotong Mongolian language”(Uyghur Mongolian script).The origin of the Mongolian name “Hui” and the transformation of the name of the Uyghur Mongolian script fully reflects the close interaction in between the Han,Uyghur,Hui,Manchu,and Mongolian people throughout history.