明前期广西东部的“动乱”性质、治理策略与民族分布格局的变动

The Nature of “Turmoil” in Eastern Guangxi,the Governance Strategies and the Change of Ethnic Distribution Pattern in Early Ming Dynasty

宋元时期,两广流官地区形成了省地与徭峒并存的“民-瑶”二元结构。元明以来,来自桂西地区的掌握农耕技术的僮人群体在种种机缘情况下不断向桂东地区迁徙,并逐步在地化。桂东地区原有的“民-瑶”二元结构被迅速打破。明前期,桂东地方官府推行剿抚结合与招僮防瑶等治理政策来应对“瑶乱”。与此同时,僮人在桂东的定居与壮大,产生了大量土地控制的诉求,从而形成“蚕食”之局。正统以来,在桂林、柳州、平乐三府交界地区的理定、永福、荔浦、修仁、洛容、古田、阳朔等县相继发生了大量民、瑶、僮之间的矛盾与激烈冲突。至明中叶,僮人已经成为这一地区最具优势的人群,导致官府不得不引入“狼兵”来平衡当地的族群格局。民、瑶、南僮、胡北僮、“狼”等各色人群在这一区域内反复拉扯缠斗,也相互交流影响。民退僮进,是明前期广西东部民族分布格局最为显著的变化特征,对后世广西东部民族分布格局产生深远影响。在此历史基础上,广西东部地区最终形成了汉、壮、瑶等民族“你中有我、我中有你”的交往交流交融格局。

During the Song and Yuan dynasties,the regions directly administrated by nonhereditary officials in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces formed a “min-yao” dual structure.Since the Yuan and Ming dynasties,the Zhuang group who mastered agricultural techniques from Western Guangxi gradually expanded to eastern Guangxi and became localized there due to various opportunities.The original “min-yao” dual structure was quickly broken.In early Ming,the local government responded to the “Yao rebellion” by implementing governance policies such as the combination of suppression and pacification and the recruitment of Zhuang to guard against the Yao.At the same time,the settlement and growth of the Zhuang in eastern Guangxi generated a large number of demands for land control,which led to a “encroachment” consequence.Since the age of Zhengtong's reign,a large number of collisions and fierce conflicts between the min,Yao,and Zhuang had emerged in counties such as Liding,Yongfu,Lipu,Xiuren,Luorong,Gutian,and Yangshuo at the border area of the three prefectures of Guilin,Liuzhou,and Pingle.By mid-Ming,Zhuang had become the dominating group living in this region,which resulted the government to introduce the “lang soldiers” to come to balance the local ethnic pattern.Various groups of people such as min,Yao,Nan Zhuang,Hubei Zhuang,and “lang” kept fighting,struggling with each other,which had also propelled the interaction and mutual influence between each other.The retreat of the min and the advancement of the Zhuang is the most significant change in the ethnic distribution pattern in Eastern Guangxi in the early Ming Dynasty,which also had a profound impact on the ethnic distribution pattern in Eastern Guangxi in later times.On this historical basis,the Eastern Guangxi ultimately formed a pattern of exchange,communication and integration among ethnic groups including Han,Zhuang,and Yao.