军情密报与信息公开:宋代边报走进新闻传播的途径及影响

Military Intelligence and Information Disclosure:The Way and Influence of Bianbao’Function Change into News Communication

宋代边报有广义与狭义之分。广义边报,即沿边政府发出的公文,狭义的边报本质上就是由边疆地区发至中央的机密军情公文。二者相比,后者更能体现出事物的独特性,更具有逻辑价值。狭义边报的内容走进新闻传播分为制度化和非制度化两种途径。制度化新闻传播主要借由邸报录载与出榜示众实现;非制度化新闻传播主要借由民间流言与小报等完成。制度化传播体现当权者宣传、慰抚等目的,实质属于政治传播;非制度化传播满足时人对安全信息的需求,是真正的新闻传播,代表了历史进步的方向。宋代的邸报、小报不仅可以成为边情的有效传递者,还具备了打破封建专制政府信息垄断的潜质,但统治者出于维护旧制度的需要,极力限制它们功能的发挥和正常的发展。宋代边情与新闻的转化机制大体上是失败的,为导致其国防力量衰弱的重要因素之一。本文通过对边报传播现象的分析,发现宋代媒介发达程度与传播开放度、自由度之间的非同步性。这种非同步性与统治集团维护自身狭隘利益密切相关,证明了当时专制主义中央集权制度已经暴露其腐朽、阻碍社会发展的一面。如果放宽历史的视距,宋代又并非中国专制主义中央集权制度衰落期,上述发现恰好为社会领域发展的不平衡性提供了一个历史注解。

Bianbao in the Song Dynasty can be divided into broad and narrow senses.In the broad sense,Bianbao refer to official documents issued by border governments.In the narrow sense,Bianbao are essentially secret military document sent from the border areas to the central government.Compared to the two,the latter better reflects the uniqueness of things and has more logical value.The content of Bianbao en-ters news communication in two ways:institutionalized and non-institutionalized.The representative media of the former are Dibao and Bangshi institutional news dissemination through recording and public display,while the representative media of the latter are Xiaobao and books-non-institutional news dissemination through folk rumors and illegal publications.Institutionalized communication embodies the purposes of propaganda and comfort of the authorities and is actually a political communication.Non-institutionalized communication meets people's demand for security information,which is the real news communication and represents the di-rection of historical progress.Dibao and Xiaobao in the Song Dynasty could not only be effective transmitters of border intelligence,but also had the potential to break the information monopoly of the feudal autocratic government.However,the rulers tried their best to limit their functions and normal development in order to maintain the old system.The conversion mechanism of border intelligence and news in the Song Dynasty ba-sically failed,which was one of the important factors leading to the weakness of its national defense power.This article analyzes the phenomenon of Bianbao communication and finds that there is a non synchronicity between the level of media development in the Song Dynasty and the degree of openness and freedom in com-munication.This non synchronicity is closely related to the ruling group's maintenance of its narrow inter-ests,proving that the authoritarian centralization system at that time had already exposed its decadent and hindering social development side.If we broaden the perspective of history,the Song Dynasty was not a peri-od of decline for China's authoritarian centralization system.The above findings provide a historical commen-tary on the imbalance of social development.