交汇游离、通达为一:北方王门学者穆孔晖的心学理路

Convergence,Divergence,and Unity:The Way of Mind of Mu Konghui,a Scholar of Wang Yangming School in Northern China

穆孔晖是王阳明传授的第一个北方门生,他有深厚的理学背景。他对阳明心学核心概念“心”有初步体认,但对“良知”体认不深,对“知行合一”命题则基本未予探讨。其学术思想和阳明心学存在紧张关系和游离状态,对阳明心学的整个体系未能膺服。他沿袭北方学术“朴实”特质,总括心、理、佛、道“大本皆同,特事不同”理念,试图融合心、理、佛、道。穆氏对心学有一定阐述,开启了东昌王门之传承,并力避阳明后学之流弊,对明后期东昌府社会发展产生深远影响,其对心学在北方的传播功不可没。穆孔晖的心学理路反映出心学在北方传播的复杂精微。

Mu Konghui,with a profound background of Neo-Confucianism,was Wang Yangming's first disciple when he taught in Northern China.Mu had a preliminary understanding of"mind",the core concept of Wang Yangming's Mind Study,but did not have a deep understanding of"conscience",and simply ignored the study of"unity of knowledge and action."Tensions and detachment existed between the core of his academic thought and Wang Yangming's Mind Study,which means he was not convinced of the whole system of Wang Yangming's Mind Study.Instead,he inherited the trait of the academic tradition in the north:"simplicity",and concluded that Mind Study,and three other thoughts(Neo-Confucianism,Buddhism,Taoism)were"similar in origin,but different in specific aspects,"and tried to integrate the four.With his expositions to Mind Study,Mu started Yangming School in Dongchang,with an undeniable contribution to the dissemination of Mind Study in the north,and tried to avoid the errors of the post disciples of Wang Yangming School,which exerted great influence on the social development of Dongchangfu in late Ming Dynasty.The way of mind of Mu Konghui reflects the complexity of the dissemination of Mind Study in the north.