法国犯罪论学说考:脉络、评价与镜鉴

Research on French Theory of Element of Crime:Status,Evaluation and Enlightenment

对德日以外刑法学知识收集和传播的不足,导致我国对外国学说的考证不完整,不利于实事求是、客观公正地展开犯罪构成理论争鸣。法国犯罪论始终呈现出体系多元的局面,各种学说相互融合、彼此影响。多数学者主张的“犯罪—犯罪人”二元论是历史形成的表述习惯,与“犯罪构成要素”一元论没有本质差别。法国的犯罪论仍然是平面犯罪论,不存在类似于德日的阶层。法国犯罪论学说虽因理论深入程度不足等问题,不能为我国所全面移植,但仍对我国有启示作用。由对法国现实情况的考察可知,体系的选取、判断次序与处理结果和人权保障并无必然关联,正确认定犯罪的关键在于鉴定式案例分析,这是各种体系、各个国家共通的要求。中国犯罪论体系之争中,针对四要件犯罪构成理论的部分批判不符合实际。各种学说之间应当交流互鉴,不应抱持争优劣、争对错的心态。

Insufficient collection and dissemination of criminal law theories outside of Germany and Japan has led to incomplete research on foreign theories inChina,which is by no means conducive to objectively and impartially viewing the debates on Theory of Element of Crime.France has always been in a pluralistic situation,with various theories blending and influencing each other.The"delinquency-delinquent"dualistic system advocated by most scholars is a habit of expression formed in history,which is not fundamentally different from monism.The French crime theory is still a flat crime theory without class division like Germany and Japan.Although the French theory of crime cannot be completely transplanted by our country due to the lack of theoretical depth and other problems,it still has an enlightening effect on China.According to the investigation of the current situation in France,the selection of the system and the order of elements are not necessarily related to the protection of human rights.The key to the correct identification of crimes lies in the Appraisal Case Analysis Method,which is a common requirement of various systems and countries.In the dispute over the system of criminal theory in China,some criticisms of the four-element theory do not conform to the reality.There should be mutual learning among various theories,without absolute distinction between good and bad.