船舶用阻燃树脂基体复合材料研究进展

Research Progress of Flame Retardant Resin Matrix Composites for Ships

复合材料的阻燃性能限制了其在船舶结构中的应用,树脂基体复合材料阻燃性能的好坏主要取决于树脂本身的阻燃性能。作者分别对复合材料中常用的三类树脂基体进行了总结研究:乙烯基环氧树脂在船舶领域已得到了广泛应用,但在某些要求阻燃的场合,乙烯基环氧树脂的应用受限。工业界和学术界针对阻燃乙烯基环氧树脂开展了大量工作,通过加入含磷笼型聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)阻燃剂,显著提高了其阻燃性能,耐热性能和力学性能也有所提高;酚醛树脂是一种具有高阻燃性能的树脂类别,采用多种浸渍工艺将其制备成玻璃纤维或碳纤维增强预浸料,经过模压或热压罐等工艺方式可制备出力学性能良好、阻燃性能优异的复合材料产品。采用发泡工艺制备玻璃纤维增强酚醛发泡复合材料,其在更加轻量化的同时,仍具有良好的力学性能和阻燃性能;邻苯二甲腈树脂同样具有优异的阻燃性能,玻璃纤维、碳纤维增强的邻苯二甲腈复合材料热释放速率满足美军MIL-STD-2031中潜艇材料测定标准,邻苯二甲腈玻璃纤维复合材料的烟密度也远低于常见树脂复合材料的。阻燃乙烯基环氧树脂、酚醛树脂和氰基树脂优异的阻燃性能和良好的力学性能使其在水面舰艇和潜艇部件上具有广阔的应用前景。

The poor flame retardant properties of composites limit their application in ship structures.The flame retardant property of the resin matrix composites mainly depends on that of the resin itself.We summarize and study three kinds of resin matrices for composite materials.Vinyl resins have been widely used in the field of ships,however,in some occasions where anti-flaming is required,its application is limited.A lot of work has been done on flame retardant vinyl resins by industrial and academic worlds.The addition of phosphorus-containing cage polysesquioxane(POSS)flame retardant can significantly improve its flame retardant performance,and the heat resistance and mechanical properties as well.Phenolic resin is a kind of resin with high flame retardant property.It can be used to prepare glass fiber or carbon fiber reinforced prepreg through various impregnation processes,which can be processed into composite materials with good mechanical properties and excellent flame retardant properties by molding or autoclave processes.The glass fiber reinforced phenolic foam composite prepared by foaming process has good mechanical properties and flame retardant properties while it has light weight.Phthalonitrile resin is also a resin with excellent flame retardant performance,and the heat release rates of the glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced phthalonitrile composite materials can meet the submarine material heat release rate standard required by MIL-STD-2031 of the US military.The smoke density of the glass fiber reinforced phthalonitrile composites is much lower than that of the common resin composites.The excellent flame retardant properties and mechanical properties of the flame retardant vinyl resin,phenolic resin and cyanogen resin make have good application prospect in the surface ships and submarine parts.