褐鹛属鸟类的鸣声特征及种间比较

Vocal Characteristics of Fulvetta Species and Their Interspecific Comparison

在雀形目鸟类系统分类和进化研究中,鸣声有重要作用。褐鹛属(Fulvetta)是近年从雀鹛类(Alcippe)独立的属,其鸣声特征及种间差异尚缺乏定量研究。我们于2016至2022年在野外录制了该属7种463只个体的鸣声,包括棕头雀鹛(F.ruficapilla,n=64)、褐头雀鹛(F.manipurensis,n=71)、白眉雀鹛(F.vinipectus,n=124)、中华雀鹛(F.striaticollis,n=64)、路氏雀鹛(F.ludlowi,n=33)、灰头雀鹛(F.cinereiceps,n=84)和玉山雀鹛(F.formosana,n=23)。基于野外行为观察,将鸣声区分为鸣叫和鸣唱,并将鸣叫分为联络鸣叫、呼唤鸣叫、报警鸣叫及觅食鸣叫4种类型。对鸣唱的声谱图进行人工检视,划分为1~8种鸣唱型。采用多变量方差分析(MANOVA)比较鸣声参数种间差异,显示最高频率、最低频率、峰频率、句子持续时间、频率宽度、平均熵6个参数在该属7种间均有显著性差异。将7种褐鹛鸣声特征的马氏距离与种间遗传距离进行Mantel检验,表明鸣唱特征与种间遗传距离呈正相关(r=0.51,P=0.01),但鸣叫特征与遗传距离无显著相关性(r=0.028,P=0.45);系统发育信号分析表明,有4个鸣唱特征和2个鸣叫特征系统发育保守,这表明褐鹛属鸟类的鸣唱比鸣叫更具物种特异性、系统发育信号更强,亲缘关系越近的物种鸣唱特征越相似。基于具有较强系统发育信号的6个鸣声特征参数对7种褐鹛进行聚类分析,结果与分子系统发育关系大体一致。本研究揭示了褐鹛属7种鸟类的鸣声特征及其种间差异,为该类群鸟类的鸣声演化提供了基础资料。

[Objectives]Song plays an important role in the phylogeny and evolution of passerine birds.Recent taxonomic studies have separated the genus Fulvetta and the genus Alcippe,and the vocal characteristics of the genus Fulvetta have not yet been studied.We are aiming to reveal the vocal characteristics and classify the interspecific difference of the seven species of the genus Fulvetta in the family Paradoxornithidae.It is hoped to provide primary biological data for the vocal study of this genus.[Methods]From 2016 to 2022,during the breeding and non-breeding seasons of the Fulvetta species,we recorded the calls and songs from their occurring habitat in the field.A total of 463 individuals were recorded for Spectacled Fulvetta(F.ruficapilla,n=64),Streak-throated Fulvetta(F.manipurensis,n=71),White-browed Fulvetta(F.vinipectus,n=124),Chinese Fulvetta(F.striaticollis,n=64),Brown-throated Fulvetta(F.ludlowi,n=33),Grey-hooded Fulvetta(F.cinereiceps,n=84)and Taiwan Fulvetta(F.formosana,n=23),respectively(Fig.1).The acoustic sonogram was drafted and analyzed in Raven Pro1.5.The MANOVA was used to compare the vocal parameters between species.Blomberg’s K test was used to detect phylogenetic signals.The Mantel test was executed in PAST to detect the correlation between the Mahalanobis distance matrix of the singing characteristics and the matrix of interspecific genetic distance.The hierarchical cluster analysis was performed for 7 species acoustic.[Results]Based on the field observation of its singing behavior,recorded vocalizations were classified into calls and songs,and calls were further classified into contact call,search call,alarm call,and foraging call(Fig.3).Songs were classified into 1﹣8 types for each species,based on manual checking of sonograms(Fig.4).The calls and songs differed significantly between species(Table 1).The Mantel test showed that the songs’characteristics were significantly positively correlated with their interspecific genetic distance(r=0.51,P=0.01),but the calls’characteristics showed no correlation with their genetic distance(r=0.028,P=0.45)(Table 2).Phylogenetic signal analysis showed that six of the vocal characteristics were phylogenetically conserved,four of which were detected in the song features,i.e.,maximum frequency,minimum frequency,peak frequency and delta time,and the other 2 in their calls,i.e.,maximum frequency and delta frequency(Table 3).The cluster analysis based on acoustic characteristics showed that the interspecific topology was generally consistent with its phylogeny,except for the position of F.vinipectus and F.formosana(Fig.5).[Conclusion]This study initially revealed the vocal characteristics of 7 species of the Fulvetta genus and detected their interspecific differences.It concluded that the song’s but not the call’s features correspond to phylogeny,i.e.,the closer related species share more similarity in their songs.Our study provided basic data and new insights into the evolution of the vocalizations of the Fulvetta birds.