用于生物医学应用的基于微藻的生物杂化材料的合理设计和开发

The Rational Design and Development of Microalgae-Based Biohybrid Materials for Biomedical Applications

微藻是一种体积微小的真核生物,可通过叶绿素a的光合作用将二氧化碳转化为多种生物活性物质。在过去的十年中,有关活体微藻和其他生物相容性成分组成的生物杂化材料在解决许多医学难题中显示出巨大的潜力,如肿瘤治疗、组织重建和药物输送。固定在常规生物材料中的微藻可以长时间维持其光合活性从而在局部提供氧气,同时也可作为调节细胞活性的生物相容性界面材料。微藻的运动性还激发了生物杂交机器人的发展,其中药物分子可通过非共价键吸附结合至微藻表面,并通过精确控制其运动轨迹将药物输送到目标区域。此外,微藻的自发荧光、趋光性和生物质生产可以整合到具有多种功能的新型生物杂化材料的设计中;通过基因工程改造的微藻可以赋予生物杂交材料新的特性,如特异性细胞靶向能力和从藻类细胞中局部释放重组蛋白——这些技术技术有望促进微藻基生物杂交材料(MBBM)在多个生物医学领域的临床应用。本文总结了MBBM的制造、生理学和运动能力;然后,回顾了MBBM近年来在生物医学领域的典型应用报告;最后,对MBBM的挑战和未来前景进行了讨论。

Microalgae are a group of microscopic eukaryotic organisms that can transform carbon dioxide into diverse bioactive compounds through photosynthesis using chlorophyll a.Over the past decade,biohybrid materials comprising live microalgae and other biocompatible components have exhibited tremendous potential in solving many medical challenges,such as oncotherapy,tissue reconstruction,and drug delivery.Microalgae immobilized within conventional biomaterials can maintain their photosynthetic activity for an extended period of time,thereby providing local oxygen and working as biocompatible interfacing materials for regulating cell activities.The motility of microalgae has also inspired the development of biohybrid microrobots,in which drug molecules can be bound to the surface of microalgae via noncovalent adsorption and delivered to the target area through precisely controlled locomotion.Moreover,the autofluorescence,phototaxis,and biomass production of microalgae can be integrated into the design of novel biohybrid materials with versatile functions.Furthermore,through appropriate genetic manipulation,engineered microalgae can endow biohybrid materials with novel properties,such as specific cell-targeting capability and the local release of recombinant proteins from algae cells—technologies that show promise for promoting and diversifying the clinical use of microalgae-based biohybrid materials(MBBMs)in several fields of biomedicine.Herein,we summarize the fabrication,physiology,and locomotion ability of MBBMs;we then review typical and recent reports on the use of MBBMs in the biomedical field;finally,we provide critical discussions on the challenges and future perspectives of MBBMs.