水陆画中的天妃圣母图像考

A Study of Tianfei Shengmu in Shuilu Paintings

天妃圣母作为一位没有出现在水陆仪文中的神祇,却广泛出现在明清时期北方地区的水陆画中,个中原因值得探讨。通过对妈祖与泰山女神的神格变化以及图像的流传与演变进行溯源,可以明晰明代皇室与民间对这类女神的崇奉及地域差异,进而对公主寺、毗卢寺天妃圣母以及首都博物馆藏四位女神的身份做出新的判断,即公主寺和毗卢寺天妃圣母的称号可能指明代北方地区流行的泰山女神,而并非海神妈祖。另外,通过对天妃圣母的研究对其所反映的明代女神图像的时代特征也能有所体察。

Tianfei Shengmu,although not referred to in the shuilu ritual texts,widely appear in shuilu paintings in the northern regions of the Ming and Qing dynasties.The reasons behind this phenomenon are worth analyzing.By tracing the changes in the divine status of Mazu and the Taishan Goddess and the transmission and evolution of their images,we can gain insight into the worship of such goddesses by both the Ming court and the common people and the regional differences.Furthermore,a new assessment can be made regarding the identities of the four goddess images at the Princess Temple,the Pilu Temple,and the Capital Museum.The title "Tianfei Shengmu" in the Princess Temple and the Pilu Temple,rather than being the sea goddess Mazu,may refer to the Mount Tai goddess popular in the northern regions during the Ming dynasty.By studying Tianfei Shengmu,we can also understand the temporal characteristics of goddess images during the Ming dynasty.