齐家文化祭祀遗存的初步研究

Preliminary Analysis of Sacrificial Remains Associated with the Qijia Culture

齐家文化发现的与祭祀活动相关的遗存主要有祭坛、祭祀坑、石圆圈遗迹、居址内火烧、涂抹和摆置现象,还有卜骨、特殊场合使用的砾石等。通过对这些祭祀遗存的辨识与初步研究,我们认为齐家文化形成了较为成熟的祭祀系统,注重对祖先神(人鬼神)的祭祀,盛行以家庭为单位的小型祭祀活动;动物在祭祀仪式中扮演了重要角色;砾石或为特定场合祭祀活动“通灵”的媒介。齐家文化既参与了以夏、商王朝为主的祭祀仪式和制度的构建与完善,也影响了甘青地区新石器时代以降氐羌族的宗教观念。

The remains associated with sacrificial rituals during the Qijia Culture include altars,sacrificial pits,enclosing stone features,burnt features inside households,the application of decoration coating,the management of placing certain important goods,oracle bones,and using pebbles during some special occasions.Through the identification and preliminary analysis on the aformentioned archaeological remains,the authors suggest that the sacrificial system in the Qijia culture had been well developed and focused on offering sacrifices to ancestral gods(including human ghost and deities).In addition,small-scale sacrificial activities within the household level were popular.Archaeological evidence also shows that animals played an important role in sacrificial rituals.Similarly,pebbles might have played a role as a spiritual medium during sacrificial activities.The Qijia culture had not only participated in the construction and improvement of sacrificial ritual initially developed by the Xia and Shang Dynasties,but also influenced the religious ideas among the Di and Qiang ethnic groups from the Neolithic onward in the Gansu and Qinghai regions.