“不排除”:从动词短语到情态成分

“Bupaichu”:from a Verb Phrase to a Modality Element

现代汉语“不排除”由谓语核心成分语法化为表达言者命题态度的情态成分。根据说话者对命题真值判断的差异,情态成分“不排除”可分为“条件推论式”和“推测情态式”两类。在条件推论式中,“不排除”语句的话语义为“如果+反常理预期事件(P),那么+必然结果(Q)”,即在P的状态下,说话者认为Q必然会实现;在推测情态式中,“不排除”语句的话语义为“认识主体O可能XP”,即说话者倾向于相信自己所推测的命题XP是真的。根据认识情态内部的等级差异,“不排除”的推测义由推论义弱化而来,即在条件命题中,当P隐含且Q的真值度下降时,“不排除”的语义由必然降级为可能。

“Bupaichu”in modern Chinese is changed from the core component of the predicate into a modality component that expresses the propositional attitude of the speaker.According to the difference in the speaker’s judgment of the truth of the proposition,the modal component“Bupaichu”can be categorized as“conditional inference”and“speculative modality”.In the conditional inference,the utterance meaning of the“Bupaichu”statement is“if+counter-expectation event(P),then+inevitable result(Q)”,and in the state of P,the speaker believes that Q must be true.In the speculative modality,the utterance meaning of the“Bupaichu”statement is“the subject O may XP”,and the speaker tends to believe that the proposition XP he speculates is true.According to the hierarchical differences within the epistemic modality,the speculative meaning of“Bupaichu”is weakened from the inferential meaning,that is,in the conditional proposition,when P is implied and the truth of Q decreases,the semantics of“Bupaichu”is downgraded from being definite to being possible.