论严格故意说之于刑事政策:从对立走向统一——以违法性意志为路径

On the Strict Intent Theory and Criminal Policy:From Opposition to Unity——Taking the Will of Illegality as the Approach

以违法性认识为核心的严格故意说与刑事政策之间的确存在对立冲突,但这是表象主义本身的内在缺陷所导致的,并不是严格故意说的“过错”。“未必的违法性认识”通过放宽“有违法性认识”的认定条件,扩张了严格故意说语境下故意的成立范围,进而在一定程度上缓和了该说与刑事政策之间的对立,但由于其仍是基于表象主义的立场,终究难以彻底化解“对立”。应以意思主义解构严格故意说:故意责任非难的是“法敌对”或“法漠视”的违法性意志,违法性的认识程度、法咨询义务的履行程度以及期待可能性均是违法性意志的判定资料。在违法性确信、违法性高度怀疑、未合理履行法咨询义务或者可期待暂缓违法性存疑行为却没有暂缓等场合,可认定为具有违法性意志。如此,严格故意说被指责“鼓励法盲”“不当优待常习犯”以及“难以处罚确信犯”等与刑事政策相互对立的问题也就迎刃而解。

There is indeed a conflict between the strict intent theory based on the the knowledge of illegality and criminal policy,but this is caused by the inherent flaws of phenomenalism itself rather than the"fault"of the strict intent theory.The"uncertain knowledge of illegality"expands the scope of establishing the intent in the context of the strict intent theory by relaxing the conditions for the determination of"having knowledge of illegality",thus easing the opposition between such theory and criminal policy.However,owing to its basis on the position of phenomenalism,it is difficult to completely resolve the"opposition".It is necessary to deconstruct the strict intent theory by realism rather than phenomenalism:it is the will of illegality that the intentional liability intends to blame,and the degree of knowledge of illegality,degree of performing the obligation of seeking legal advice and possibility of meeting legitimate expectation are materials for determining the will of illegality.Will of illegality should be considered to exist in situations where there is actual knowledge of illegality,high suspicion of illegality,failure to seek legal advice in a reasonable manner or failure to suspend an act with suspicious of illegality when it is possible.In this way,the problems of the strict intent theory that are criticized as standing opposition to criminal policy,including"encouraging legal illiteracy""improper preferential treatment given to habitual offenders"and"difficulty in explaining knowing perpetrator",are easily solved.