从语用价值看性质形容词谓语句的完句性

On the Essence of Completing Qualitative Adjective-predicate Sentences from the Perspective of Pragmatic Value

本文在梳理性质形容词谓语句相关研究的基础上,提出对话性的语篇或言语活动一定有完句问题存在。不仅是口语,大多数书面语也是对话性的。语句是否独立使用,不但由语句的性质决定,更是由语境和听说双方互动的性质决定的。我们主张从句子的互动特征,也就是该句子传递的信息或该话语本身对会话活动的参与者是否具有足够的“语用价值”这一视角来看待完句性。文中提出三个方面的语用价值——新信息限制、社会相关性限制和表达性限制,详细论证与这些限制有关的完句情况,并阐释三个方面的关系,给出计算语用价值的综合流程。本文最后指出,不满足语用价值的句子不是不能说,而是不能独立使用;当它处于非独立的位置上,或者通过一系列的操作来补足这一句子的语用价值就可以说了。

This paper summarizes the explanation of the restrictions on qualitative adjectives as predicates in previous studies.We suggest discovering the essence of sentence completion from the view of conversation interaction,finding the sentence conditions in the conversation process of specific language use,and judging the effect of sentence completion in specific context.It is necessary to define the“pragmatic value"as whether the language materials meet certain pragmatic requirements in order to have sufficient influence on the listener.Therefore,the influence of language materials in specific contexts on listeners has become the core of the study.This paper puts forward three principles of pragmatic value.First,a discourse/sentence that has the function of conveying propositional meaning has low pragmatic value if it does not convey new information.Second,to have sufficient pragmatic value,a discourse/sentence must have the following properties:A and B.A.The emotion and meaning of the sentence or utterance is directed at the listener or both the listener and the speaker,or at a party who has an alignment or disalignment relationship with them.B.The sentence or utterance expression should induce the listener to obtain or infer at least one of the following:a)it is the speaker's subjective assertion of aspects of the target;b)it refers to the social significance and value for the targeted person(or at least one of them)or the scene in which they are located;c)it is the force that causes the targeted person to produce some(psychological)effect or(external)behavior;d)it is the response to the above information requirements that the listener pays attention to;e)it is to indicate that the speaker is struggling to present a particular style of conversational activity,to show the speaker's self-image,to build an alliance with the listener,or to expect the listener to respond.In addition,some items(a)and d))in social relevance will be restricted by the new information principle.Third,a discourse/sentence has low pragmatic value if there is no subjective salience in the sentence.Some language means are intended to directly express the meaning and value of the event to the speaker or the current situation,such as negation,contrast,epistemic or deontic modality,question,imperative,concern,threat,etc.Other language means themselves do not directly lead to sentence completion,but tend to lead to certain pragmatic values that further lead to sentence completion,such as grade,scale,comparison between A and~A,Chinese“le2",etc.Structures that do not meet the pragmatic-value requirements are not unacceptable but cannot be used independently.They need to be in a non-independent syntactic and textual position,and there must be main clauses or supplementary clauses that satisfy the pragmatic-value requirements outside or behind the structures.