芳香的秩序:植物谱录所见宋人对于花卉等级的建构

The Order of Fragrance:The Construction of Hierarchy of Flowers in Plant Florilegium during Song Dynasty(960-1279)

宋代涌现了大量植物谱录,而对以花卉为代表的众多草木划定等级和品次,是植物谱录最为重要的内容。北宋时花卉的分级定品主要包括以花卉自然性状为基准和以人间社会等级相比附两种路径:前者着重比较花卉本身的颜色、花瓣数量、花蕊形态和历史渊源等方面,后者则致力于将花卉等级统摄于“尊尊”“贵贵”的人间政教秩序之下。发展到南宋时,道德因素一跃成为评判花卉等级的首要原则。对植物进行道德褒贬的传统虽不始于南宋,但在这一时期士大夫阶层道德重建的迫切要求下,植物谱录中所记载的草木同样被纳入注重“韵”“格”“品”的道德体系中,并业已形成完备的等级序列。作为士人文化生活的一方面,对于草木分级定品标准的调整,显示出时人对道德因素的突出强调,亦反映了两宋社会思潮“向内转”的趋向。

Based on the of hierarchical selection of flowers,this paper attempts to investigate the understanding and construction of hierarchy of flowers in Song Dynasty.The standard of hierarchical selection of flowers in Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127)mainly includes two ways:one is taking the natural attributes of flowers as the benchmark,the other is imitating the social levels of human beings.Gradually the factor of"moral"has become an important principle to judge the rank of flowers when it comes to Southern Song Dynasty(1127-1279).Although the tradition of moral evaluation of plants did not start from then on,under the urgent demands of the moral reconstruction of the literati in this period,the records of plant florilegium have changed with it.As one of the typical aspects of the literati's cultural life,plant florilegium also showed a prominent emphasis on the"moral"factor,which reflected the"Turing Inward"trend of social thoughts in the Song Dynasty.