外泌体在药物递送系统中的研究进展

Research progress of exosomes in drug delivery systems

外泌体是一种由体内细胞自分泌产生的纳米级囊泡,由天然的脂质双分子层组成,其直径在30~100 nm,其特征是脂质双层膜将多种生物分子,如核酸或蛋白质包裹在管腔或脂质层中。外泌体可被视作为一种特殊的细胞外膜泡,作为一种重要的媒介参与细胞之间的组分和信息的交流通讯。另外,无论是病理状态亦或是正常生理状态下,外泌体都可由机体内的多种活细胞分泌产生,并且几乎所有类型的细胞都可以分泌产生外泌体。由于外泌体的一些特性优势——毒性极低、免疫原性极低、靶向归巢能力强、可包载各种生物活性物质如核酸、蛋白质等,并且体内循环时间长,再者其本身作为一种天然的内源性的囊泡,可以将其作为药物递送的理想载体。首先,笔者阐述了外泌体及其基本来源和作为载体的优势;其次,概述了外泌体的获取方法和载药方法;然后,介绍了外泌体在作为药物递送系统载体的应用进展情况;最后,总结了外泌体作为药物载体的挑战及展望。

Exosome is a kind of nanoscale vesicles produced by the autocrine of cells in the body,consisting of a natural lipid bilayer with a diameter of 30-100 nm,characterized by a lipid bilayer membrane that encapsulates a variety of biomolecules such as nucleic acids or proteins in the lumen or lipid layer.Exosomes can be regarded as a special extracellular membrane vesicle,as an important medium involved in the exchange of components and information between cells.In addition,whether in a pathological state or in a normal physiological state,exosomes can be secreted by a variety of living cells in the body,and almost all types of cells can be secreted to produce exosomes.Due to some of the characteristic advantages-very low toxicity,very low immunogenicity,strong ability to target homing,exosomes can encapsulate a variety of substances including biologically active substances nucleic acids,proteins,etc.As a natural endogenous vesicle,exosomes also has the advantages of long circulation time in vivo,and can be used as an ideal carrier for drug delivery.This paper first elaborates on the extremely basic sources of exosomes and their advantages as carriers,summarizes the acquisition methods and drug loading methods of exosomes,then introduces the application progress of exosomes as carriers of drug delivery systems,and finally the challenges and prospects of exosomes as drug carriers are summarized.