孟子哲学是对子思子哲学的深化与发展——兼论子思子哲学及“慎独”与孔子的关系

Mencius’s Philosophy as a Deepening and Development of Zisi’s Philosophy,and the Relationship of Zisi’s Philosophy with Shendu and Confucius

子思子哲学是先秦儒家哲学的重要阶段。竹书《五行》以成德为主题,并在德之行的基础上子思子区分了“五行和”与“四行和”的两种道德境界,指明“为一”“慎独”是君子“为德”“为善”的工夫。孟子反省、深化和发展了《五行》思想,他所提出的人性善观念为四行成德提供了内在之“善”的本源。孟子又区分了君子和圣人的两种人格,并强调了四行为善说的重要性。在性善说和新四行说的基础上,孟子将子思子的忧思之心转变为四端之心,并以“尽心”为根本工夫。孟子对于《中庸》思想有所取舍,他放弃了慎独说和中和说,而选取了中庸说和诚身说。从宋明儒学来看,《中庸》的思想价值集中在中和说和诚身说上。从《缁衣》等篇的书写体例来看,子思子构造了一个二帝三王相承继及孔子传之的新王道说。孟子的王道论是先秦儒家王道论的高峰。此外,根据安大简《仲尼曰》,“慎独”本是孔子之学,其本义很可能同于《五行》的“慎独”观念;曾子和子思子不过传述和推阐了孔子的“慎独”说。

The philosophy of Zisi is an important stage in pre-Qin Confucian philosophy.“The Five Conducts”in the bamboo slips focuses on the cultivation of virtue,in which Zisi distinguished the moral realms in“theve conducts united as a whole”and“the four conducts united as a whole”based on conduct of virtue and asserted that the junzi’s e orts to be virtuous and good involve uniting theve conducts and being watchful over oneself while alone or in solitude.Later,Mencius re-examined and deepened Zisi’s philosophy in“The Five Conducts”and developed his own theory of the innate goodness of human nature,which provided the inherent source of goodness for the theory of achieving virtue in the four conducts.Mencius further distinguished the personalities of the junzi and the sage and emphasized the importance of the four conducts being good.On the basis of the innate goodness of human nature and the new four conducts,Mencius transformed Zisi’s ideas of concern and thought of the mind into the mind of Four Essentials and took the completion of the mind as the fundamental e ort.Among the doctrines of the Zhongyong,Mencius abandoned the doctrine of shendu and the doctrine of equilibrium and harmony,but he retained the doctrine of centrality and commonality and the doctrine of making oneself sincere.However,according to Song and Ming Confucianism,the value of the Zhongyong lies in its teachings on equilibrium and harmony and making oneself sincere.From the writing style of the“Black Robes”and other chapters of the Book of Rites,it can be concluded that Zisi constructed a new doctrine of the kingly Way,involving the succession of the Two Emperors and Three Kings,which had been passed down by Confucius.It made Mencius’s doctrine the apex of the pre-Qin Confucian doctrines of the kingly Way.In addition,according to the“Sayings of Confucius”in the Warring States period bamboo slips collected by Anhui University,shendu was originally the teaching of Confucius,and its original meaning was probably the same as in the“The Five Conducts”;Zengzi and Zisi merely spread and elucidated Confucius’s teachings of shendu.