南岛语族起源与扩散的考古学和古基因组学观察

Archaeological and Paleogenomic Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Austronesians

南岛语族起源与扩散是自南岛语族以语言共同体方法被“识别”后最被关注的问题,不同学者先后提出了新几内亚说、马来说、台湾说和大陆说,综合南岛语族相关考古学文化及其人群关系进行论证,才能够更加切实、准确地为南岛语族的起源与扩散提供多学科证据链。考古学研究中以“亚洲东南海洋地带”和“农业-语言共扩散”理论勾画的南岛先民自华南大陆沿海地区向台湾地区、东南亚和太平洋群岛的迁徙路线证实了“南岛-壮侗一体”所见的史前华南土著族群的同源关系以及南岛语族的大陆性起源与海洋性扩散。古基因组学则从人群遗传结构层面很好地印证了古今南岛语人群紧密的遗传连续性和考古学研究观察到的“南岛-壮侗一体”,并进一步发现华北粟黍农业人群、长江下游稻作农业人群和亚洲东南海岸线采集-渔猎人群共同塑造了南岛-壮侗人群,并经台湾地区至菲律宾群岛、马里亚纳群岛的南北线进行早期扩张;同时也一定程度上支持了考古学研究观察到的南岛-壮侗共同始祖文化及人群环南海迁徙与分布现象。

The origin and dispersal of the Austronesian populations have been one of the most discussed questions since the Austronesian language family was“identified”using linguistic community methods.Scholars previously have proposed the New Guinea theory,Malaysia theory,Taiwan theory and mainland East Asia theory.Only through a comprehensive analysis of both archaeologically defined culture and genetically attested population relationships can we provide a more precise and accurate multi-disciplinary understanding of the Austronesian origins and dispersal.Proposing the“Farming-Language Dispersal Hypothesis”,archaeological research delineates the migration path of the proto-Austronesians,who originated from coastal East Asia and subsequently spread to Taiwan region,Southeast Asia,and the Pacific Islands.This analysis confirms the homogenous relationship of the indigenous groups in prehistoric South China as seen in the“Austronesian-Zhuang-Dong unity”and the continental origin and maritime spread of the Austronesian populations.Utilizing time transects from ancient DNA research across East Eurasia and Oceania,we identify a strong genetic affinity between ancient and modern Austronesians,which aligns with the cultural ties evident in archaeological studies.Additionally,we detect significant genetic admixture in proto-Austronesians linked to ancient southern East Asia,which suggests a complex genetic flow from three sources related to Yangtze River Basin rice farmers,North China millet farmers and coastal South China local hunter-fishers.This population dissimulated along two paths:southward migration from Taiwan region to the Philippines and westward to the Mariana Islands.Additionally,the population migrations in coastal southeast Eurasia supported by paleogenomic evidence coincide with the archaeologically attested cultures tied to the expansion of the“Austronesian and Tai-Kadai unity”.