浅析中国镓锗出口管制的安全逻辑

A Brief Analysis of the Security Logic of China’s Export Controls on Gallium and Germanium

2023年8月1日起,中国对镓、锗及其化合物实施出口管制。作为贸易大国,中国承担大国责任,不断完善出口管制制度,为全球安全做出积极贡献。镓和锗虽发现较早,全球产量却规模不大,而国际产业分工和市场发展推动了金属镓锗贸易发生持续演变,全球镓锗相关资源禀赋与贸易关系对安全带来直接影响。对镓锗实施出口管制有助于维护中国的国家安全和利益,除了直接降低美国利用镓锗产品制造武器的威胁外,还有助于维持镓锗供应链的稳定,增强中国在相关产品全球供应链的主导地位,为中国企业在相关产业争取竞争机会,保障产业安全。为实现对镓锗管制的目的、增强相关供应链的韧性,同时履行国际承诺,中国应积极采取多元协同推进和保障措施。

Since August 1,2023,China has implemented export controls on gallium,germanium and their compounds.As a major trading country,China assumes the responsibilities of a major country,constantly improves its export control system,and makes positive contributions to global security.In recent years,many countries have implemented and enacted a range of measures to control their exports,impacting the resilience of global supply chain,which China does not want to follow.But gallium and germanium are different from the usual items identified in the lists of the export controls.Although gallium and germanium were discovered earlier,the size of their global production is not large.However,international industrial division of labor and market development have promoted the continuous evolution of trade on metal gallium and germanium.Global gallium and germanium resources and their trade relations have a direct impact on the security field including the usage in the military radars and telecommunication equipment.Having the a⁃nalysis of the byproducts of gallium and germanium,it is found that the price formation mechanism has im⁃pacted the transactions and trade of these two raw materials.Implementing export controls on gallium and germanium will help safeguard China’s national security and interests.In addition to directly reducing the threat of the United States and using gallium and germanium products to produce weapons,it will also help maintain the stability of the gallium and germanium supply chain and enhance China’s global supply of the relevant products.The dominant position of the chain will provide Chinese enterprises with competitive opportunities in the relevant industries and ensure industrial security.The author believes that the export controls of gallium and germanium are the means more than tools.Safeguarding the interests of China requires the participation of various partners in an innovative way.In order to achieve the purpose of controlling gallium and germanium,enhance the resilience of the supply chains and fulfill international commitments,multiple coordinated promotion and safeguard measures should be actively adopted.These measures reflect complex actions,require the partners to implement them on the basis of their mutual understanding and collective efforts.Transparency can be improved to make it easier for the enterpri⁃ses to make decisions and reduce unnecessary impulse for more policies on controlling export.Two⁃ways impact analysis needs to be measured and the voices of the stakeholders on supply chains need to be heard.Researches on the more diversified materials and usages of gallium and germanium can be strengthened to reduce the over⁃reliance on limited areas and suppliers,which may create much more room for the professional companies.Encouraging and collecting good examples of practice cases can provide other companies better targets to imitate.Financial supports would be necessary for strengthening the cooperation over the Belt and Road Initiative to let all the participating countries enjoy prosperous development.