“莫不令仪”:周代礼乐的审美生活

“Everyone is excellent deportmnent”:The Aesthetic Life of Rites and Music in the Zhou Dynasty

为配合宗法之制,周公制礼作乐,礼乐配合,歌乐鼓舞成为礼的组成部分。周人制礼作乐不同于前代的最大特点,在于除了祭祀之礼被赋予差别有等的规范和配以歌乐舞蹈之外,各种典礼及日常生活的方方面面也都被浸染上礼乐色彩。典礼如“乡饮酒礼”“射礼”都有奏乐歌诗“节目”和“无筭乐”环节;太学教育,大司乐、乐师及太师教授子弟舞蹈、歌唱、奏乐、行礼、诵诗,其教育内容及方式即是一种美育形式;宾朋相会,使者往来,日常居谈,亦皆琴瑟在御,赋诵歌诗;审美化生活中的主体,人格追求的“令德”“令仪”兼修,更可见周人礼乐文化的生活美学精神。

In order to cooperate with the patriarchal clan system,the Duke of Zhou made rites and music.Rites and music coordinate,then songs and dances be-came an integral part of rites.The biggest characteristic of Zhou Dynasty’s rites and music,which is different from the previous dynasties,is that in addition to the sacrificial rites being given different norms and accompanied by songs and dances,all kinds of ceremonies and all aspects of daily life are also imbued with rites and music.Ceremonies,such as“rural drinking ceremony”and“rite of archery”,all have music,songs,poems programs and“Wu-Suan music”.The education of the Imperial Academy,which includes the teaching of dance,singing,playing music,performing rites and reciting poems by musical master,musicians and grand tutor,is a form of aesthetic education.When guests and friends meet,envoys come and go,and people talk in daily life,they are also playing zither and harp,reciting songs and poems.As the subject of aesthetic life,the pursuit of“moral”and“etiquette”in personality also shows the spirit of the rites and music culture of Zhou Dynasty.