以色列内盖夫沙漠的发现对黎凡特石器工业来源与去向的启示(英文)

The origins and destinations of the Levantine Initial Upper Paleolithic: A view from the Negev Desert, Israel

旧石器时代晚期初段,系统剥取石叶尖状器技术开始出现并见于欧亚大陆不同地区,这一现象被认为与MIS 3阶段现代人的扩张密切相关。黎凡特旧石器时代晚期初段的界定标准源自以色列内盖夫沙漠Boker Tachtit(波克·塔吉特)遗址两组连续叠压的石器工业,遗址下部的Emiran(埃米尔)石器工业以双向剥片石叶技术为特征,上部石器工业则以单向剥片石叶技术为标志。Boker Tachtit遗址一直缺乏较可靠的年代学基础,但新近放射性测年数据表明Emiran工业并存于黎凡特本土的莫斯特晚期石器工业,Emiran工业为外来的推测也由此得到了支持。由于Boker Tachtit与尼罗河谷地及南阿拉伯地区年代接近的石器工业技术特点相似,早期的Boker Tachtit人群很可能来自上述区域。Emiran工业在Boker Tachtit演变为单向剥片石叶工业的同时一直向欧洲中部及亚洲中北部地区扩张。与之类似,单向剥片石叶工业一面向黎凡特北部及巴尔干地区传播,一面在本地发展成为早期Ahamarian(艾玛尔)工业技术体系。因此旧石器时代晚期初段至少发生过两次人群扩散事件,第一次为来自尼罗河流域及阿拉伯半岛人群在迁徙至黎凡特后向欧洲中部与亚洲中北部地区的迅速扩张;第二次事件的发生年代略晚,表现为黎凡特南部人群向黎凡特北部及巴尔干地区的逐步扩散。

The Initial Upper Paleolithic(IUP)is a chrono-cultural phase corresponding with the onset of systematic production of pointed blades in various regions in Eurasia.This phenomenon is often conceived to correlate with the MIS 3 modern human expansion.Originally defined after the site Boker Tachtit in the Negev Desert,Israel,the Levantine IUP is composed of two consecutive superimposed lithic industries.The lower,named Emiran,is characterized with bidirectional blade technology,whereas the upper industry with unidirectional blades.Until recently the chronology of Boker Tachtit was insecure but new radiometric ages have shown that the Emiran is contemporaneous with the local Late Mousterian,thus supporting the assumption of this industry being imported.Similar technological features and chronological proximities between Boker Tachtit and assemblages from the Nile Valley and southern Arabia suggest the early Boker Tachtit inhabitants may have originated from these regions.The Emiran industry developed in Boker Tachtit into a later variant,the unidirectional industry,but it also expanded northward to central Europe and north-central Asia.The later variant acted in a similar manner as it developed locally into the early Ahmarian techno-complex but also expanded into the northern Levant and the Balkans.It is proposed the IUP phase featured at least two dispersal events.The first is the expansion from the Nile Valley/Arabia to the Levant from where it expanded rapidly to central Europe and north-central Asia.The second dispersal occurred slightly later and began in the southern Levant from where it spread to the northern Levant and the Balkans.