格点量子色动力学数据的虚部分布与信号改进

Imaginary-part distribution and signal improvement of lattice quantum chromodynamics data

通过分析淬火近似下高统计量格点两点关联函数实部与虚部对规范场采样的分布,给出了一种可能的实、虚部分布间的定量关系,并通过计算实部与虚部的非平庸统计相关性对该关系加以验证.利用该实、虚部的统计相关性,格点关联函数的方差可以得到约40%的改进.这些结果为进一步理解格点计算中统计误差的物理来源以及发展信号改进方案提供了全新的思路.

Understanding the statistical fluctuations of lattice observables over the gauge configurations is important both theoretically and practically.It provides a physical insight into tackling the famous signal-to-noise problem and the sign problem,and inspires new thoughts in developing methods to improve the signal of lattice calculations.Among many efforts,exploring the relationship between the real part and imaginary part of lattice numerical result is a new method to understand lattice signal and error,because both the real part and imaginary part come from the same sample of gauge field and their distributions on the gauge sample are related in principle.Specifically,by analyzing the distributions of the real part and imaginary part of quenched lattice two-point function with high statistics and non-zero momentum,this work proposes a possible R(x)=∫dyS(y-x)[I(y)K(Uy)]R(x)quantitative formula connecting these two distributions as,where I(x)S(x)denotes the real-part distribution,the imaginary-part distribution,the underlying signal distribution K(Ux)and a kernel function of the gauge field.This theoretical assumption has universal validity because the kernel function contains the gauge field information that determines all the distributions.The formula is numerically verified by calculating the non-trivial statistical correlations of the real part and the kernel-function-modified imaginary part under the further assumption of the kernel function.It is found that the most K(Ux)=1naïve guess of does not work,which leads to no statistically significant correlation.Meanwhile,the K(Ux)∼70%assumption that is only a sign function works well,giving rise to correlation.Then,through the process of adding random distortions to the absolute values of the imaginary part,it is found that even a slight distortion,of around 1%could result in a significant reduction in the correlation between the real part and∼70%imaginary part down to less than 50%or lower.This essentially proves that the observed correlation is K(Ux)highly non-trivial and the hypothesis that is a sign function captures at least some of the physical mechanisms behind the scenes.Employing this correlation,the variance of lattice results can be improved by around 40%.It is not a significant improvement in practice;however,this study offers an innovative strategy to understand the source of statistical uncertainties in lattice QCD and to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in lattice calculation.Further research on the ability to use machine learning on various more accurate lattice data will hopefully give better instructions and constraint on the form of the kernel function.