从举国体制到新型举国体制:军民协同科技创新的历史考察(1949—2022)

From Traditional to New System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide:A Historic Review of Military-Civilian Collaborative Innovation in Science and Technology(1949-2022)

新型举国体制发挥社会主义市场经济条件下集中力量办大事的优势,面向科技前沿和国家重大战略需求,推动关键核心技术实现重大突破,军民协同创新是科技攻关新型举国体制的必然要求和重要体现。新型举国体制与传统举国体制一脉相承又与时俱进,其军民协同科技创新发展演变脉络可归纳为:社会主义革命和建设时期,集中力量办大事的举国体制有利于军民科技资源一体配置、联合攻关,推动“两弹一星”国防尖端科技取得举世瞩目的成就;改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期,新型举国体制下军民协同创新推动载人航天取得突出成就,探月工程稳步推进为后续工程奠定坚实基础;进入中国特色社会主义新时代,新型举国体制不断健全发展,军民协同创新推动载人航天实现新突破,探月工程和北斗系统等也取得重大成就。

Targeting cutting-edge technology and serving the major strategic needs,the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide has leveraged the strengths of socialist market economy in pooling resources behind major undertakings,and promoted major breakthroughs in core technologies in key areas.Military-civilian collaborative innovation is a requirement and epitome of the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide for tackling key scientific and technological problems.Akin to the traditional system for mobilizing resources nationwide,the new system has always kept pace with the times,and has developed and evolved from the period of socialist revolution and construction when the system for mobilizing resources nationwide promoted the integrated allocation and collaborative innovation of military-civilian technological resources,and the remarkable achievements made by the“Two bombs and One Satellite”project,to the period of the reform and opening up and socialist modernization when,due to military-civilian collaborative innovation,outstanding achievements in manned spaceflight were made,and steady progress was made in lunar exploration projects,laying a solid foundation for subsequent projects,and to the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics when new breakthroughs in manned spaceflight have been made,and significant achievements have been obtained in lunar exploration projects and the Beidou system as the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide has been constantly improved and developed.